Connectors with locking mechanisms and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. A connector in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology, for example, can include a connector body having an inner surface defining a first bore and a collet movably received in the first bore. The collet can have an inner surface defining a second bore that is configured to receive a mating second connector. The connector can further include a locking mechanism that is operably coupled to the connector body and has an open position and a closed position. The collet is configured to operably engage the second connector when the locking mechanism is in the closed position and release the second connector when the locking mechanism in the open position.