The invention relates to a cosmetic composition comprising, in a physiologically acceptable aqueous medium, a cucurbic acid compound of formula (I) in which R1 represents a radical COOR3, R3 denoting a hydrogen atom or a C1-C4 alkyl radical, optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups; R2 represents a hydrocarbon-based radical containing from 1 to 18 carbon atoms; a homopolymer of a monomer comprising a sulfonic group; and a crosslinked acrylic acid homopolymer. Use for caring for and making up keratin materials.