Embodiments of the present invention provide a data transmission method, a base station and a user equipment. One transmission method includes: sending, by a base station, first data and random access information to a user equipment UE simultaneously; and acquiring, by the base station, receiving state information of the first data fed back by the UE through the random access information. Another transmission method includes: receiving, by a user equipment, UE, first data and random access information sent by a base station simultaneously; and feeding back, by the UE, receiving state information of the first data to the base station through the random access information. In the technical solutions of the present invention, a base station transmits data to a UE during a random access process, thereby reducing signaling interaction and time delay and improving the data transmission efficiency.