An apparatus for estimating properties of an earth formation includes a carrier configured to be disposed in a borehole in the earth formation, and a sample retriever configured to remove a sample of the earth formation, the sample including solid components of the earth formation. The apparatus also includes an analysis assembly including a chamber disposed with the carrier and configured to hold the sample, an X-ray source configured to irradiate the sample with X-ray radiation while the sample is disposed in the chamber, and one or more X-ray detectors configured to detect radiation emitted from the sample in response to irradiation from the X-ray source.