A power battery cap structure and a power battery are provided in the present invention. The power battery cap structure includes a first terminal, a second terminal and a cap assembly; both the first terminal and the second terminal are provided on the cap assembly, and the second terminal is electrically insulated from the cap assembly. The power battery cap structure further includes a resistance attached to the first terminal and electrically connected the first terminal with the cap assembly. The cap assembly includes a cap sheet, a first short circuit part and a second short circuit part; the first short circuit part and the second short circuit part are attached to the cap sheet and configured to act upwards when pressure inside the power battery increases so that the first terminal and the second terminal are electrically connected to form a protection loop; and the first short circuit part and the resistance are connected in parallel when the protection loop is formed. With the technical solution of the present invention, a separate protection loop can be formed in a power battery respectively in the cases of overcharge and nailing abuses, thereby efficiently protecting the power battery.