One embodiment of the present invention provides a technology for automatically performing a polishing process by using a robot and controlling the polishing process in real time by monitoring a current value of a spindle in real time. A polishing device using a robot, according to an embodiment of the present invention, comprises: a polishing robot which is a robot having a plurality of links and operating with multiple degrees of freedom; a polishing unit which is coupled to an end of the polishing robot and polishes the surface of an object to be polished; a surface roughness measurement unit which is coupled to the polishing robot and measures the surface roughness of a portion of the surface of the object to be polished immediately before being polished by the polishing unit; and a control unit which receives information on a change in a motor current that is a current supplied to the polishing unit, receives information on the surface roughness of the object to be polished from the surface roughness measurement unit, and transmits a control signal to the polishing unit so as to stop the operation of the polishing unit by using each piece of information.