Abstract:
A process for treating organic compounds includes providing a composition which includes a substantially mesoporous structure of silica containing at least 97% by volume of pores having a pore size ranging from about 15 Å to about 30Å and having a micropore volume of at least about 0.01 cc/g, wherein the mesoporous structure has incorporated therewith at least about 0.02% by weight of at least one catalytically and/or chemically active heteroatom selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zn, Fe, Sri, Mo, Ga, Ni, Co, In, Zr, Mn, Cu, Mg, Pd, Pt and W, and the catalyst has an X-ray diffraction pattern with one peak at 0.3° to about 3.5° at 2θ. The catalyst is contacted with an organic feed under reaction conditions wherein the treating process is selected from alkylation, acylation, oligomerization, selective oxidation, hydrotreating, isomerization, demetalation, catalytic dewaxing, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, ammoximation, isomerization, dehydrogenation, cracking and adsorption.
Abstract:
The refrigeration system for an ethylene plant comprises a closed loop tertiary refrigerant system containing methane, ethylene and propylene. The tertiary refrigerant from a compressor is separated into an inter-stage discharge and the final compressor discharge to produce a methane-rich vapor fraction and two levels of propylene-rich liquids so as to provide various temperatures and levels of refrigeration in various heat exchange stages while maintaining a nearly constant refrigerant composition flowing back to the compressor and with the bulk of the total return refrigerant flow going to the first stage compressor section. This tertiary system can also be applied to an ethylene plant with a high pressure demethanizer.
Abstract:
A system and method for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide in a furnace exhaust includes cooling the furnace exhaust in a first heat recovery (13') section to a temperature between 400° F and 500° F, introducing a reducing agent into the exhaust gas and reacting the nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas with the reducing agent in the presence of an SCR catalyst (19) in a reactor (10) positioned in the furnace stack. The treated gas emerging from the reactor can be further cooled in a second heat recovery section (15). The system and process is particularly suitable for use in conjunction with furnaces for thermally cracking hydrocarbon feedstock to produce olefin. The feedstock is preferably preheated in the heat recovery sections prior to introduction into the furnace.
Abstract:
A radial flow gas phase reactor for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide in a gas stream includes a shell enclosing an interior space in which is located at least one catalyst bed containing a catalyst for the selective conversion of NOx. A deflector directs the flow of gas radially through the bed. An injector upstream of the catalyst introduces a reducing agent such as ammonia into the inlet gas stream. The catalyst bed can include particulate, monolith, or microengineered catalyst.
Abstract:
A process for producing a liquefied natural gas stream from an inlet gas feed stream, the process comprising the steps of: cooling at least a portion of the inlet gas feed stream by heat exchange contact with a first gas-phase refrigerant in a methane refrigeration cycle operated independently of a second gas-phase refrigerant in a nitrogen refrigeration cycle; the methane refrigeration cycle comprising the steps of: expanding a first gas-phase refrigerant comprising methane to form a cold methane vapour steam; cooling at least a portion of the inlet feed gas stream by heat exchange contact with the cold refrigerant vapour stream; compressing the cold methane vapour stream to form a compressed methane vapour stream; and cooling at least a portion of the compressed methane vapour stream by heat exchange contact with the cold methane vapour stream; and the nitrogen refrigeration cycle comprising the steps of: expanding a second gas-phase refrigerant comprising nitrogen to a cold nitrogen vapour stream; cooling at least a portion of the inlet feed gas stream by heat exchange contact with the cold nitrogen vapour stream simultaneously as cooling at least a portion of the inlet feed gas stream by heat exchange contact with the cold methane vapour stream; compressing the cold nitrogen vapour stream to form a compressed nitrogen vapour stream; and cooling at least a portion of the compressed nitrogen vapour stream by heat exchange contact with the cold nitrogen vapour stream; whereby a liquefied natural gas stream is produced.
Abstract:
Disclosed herein is a highly efficient process for producing distillate fuels using a multi-bed hydrogenation reactor. The temperature of the feed to the second and subsequent reactor beds is controlled by removing effluent from the prior bed, cooling the effluent in an external heat exchanger, injecting hydrogen gas into the effluent mixture, and inserting the cooled mixture containing hydrogen gas into the inlet of the next reaction zone.
Abstract:
An extended-base tension leg substructure (100) and method for supporting an offshore platform is disclosed which includes a plurality of support columms (102) disposed about a central axis (106) of the substructure and interconnected by at least one pontoon (110). Each columm comprises an above water and submerged portion. The substructure also includes a plurality of wings or arms (114) radiating from the columms and/or the pontoons, each wing (114) fixedly or removably securing at least one tendon extending from a wing to an anchor on the seabed. The substructure includes an open, wave transparent central zone (108) for improved access to well-related equipment, conduits or the like and the wings (114) minimize translational movement and rotational flex in the substructure reducing fatigue in the tendons and their connections (118).
Abstract:
The C2 to C5 and heavier acetylenes and dienes in a thermally cracked feed stream are hydrogenated without significantly hydrogenating the C2 and C3 olefins. Additionally, the C4 and heavier olefins may be hydrogenated. Specifically, the cracked gas feed in an olefin plant is hydrogenated in a distillation reaction column containing a hydrogenation catalyst without the necessity of separating the hydrogen out of the feed and without any significant hydrogenation of the ethylene and propylene. A combined reaction-fractionation step known as catalytic distillation hydrogenation is used to simultaneously carry out the reactions and separations while maintaining the hydrogenation conditions such that the ethylene and propylene remain substantially unhydrogenated and essentially all of the other C2 and heavier unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrogenated. Any unreacted hydrogen can be separated by a membrane and then reacted with separated C9 and heavier materials to produce hydrogenated pyrolysis gasoline.
Abstract:
Ethylbenzene (18) is produced from benzene (16) and ethylene (14) in an alkylation reactor (12) wherein the feedstocks also contain propylbenzenes (26) and/or components that produce propylbenzene (26). Polyethylbenzenes (24) are also produced in the process. The ethylbenzene product (28) and unreacted benzene (16) are separated and then the propylbenzenes (26) are separated from the polyethylbenzenes (24) by distillation (20). The propylbenzenes (26) are destroyed in a vapor-phase reactor (12) and the polyethylbenzenes (24) are transalkylated (30) with benzene (32) in a liquid or partial liquid phase at a lower temperature.
Abstract:
A refrigeration system for an ethylene plant uses a low pressure demethanizer (12) and a binary refrigerant (20) comprising a mixture of methane and ethylene or methane and ethane. The refrigeration composition may be constant throughout the system or separators (88, 108, 120, 128) may be used to divide the refrigerant into a methane-rich binary refrigerant (140) and an ethylene- or ethane-rich binary refrigerant (142).