摘要:
An apparatus for emitting and receiving light comprises an emitter, which consists of a light source (5) and a concave mirror (7), and a receiver which receives light from the emitter and which is connected to an analysing equipment (3). Furthermore, the receiver comprises a concave mirror (9) which is disposed behind the mirror (7) of the emitter and whose diameter is larger than that of the mirror (7) of the emitter and whose focus is located in front of the light source (5). In the focus of the mirror (9) is positioned one end of an optical fibre (19) for transmitting the received light to the analysing equipment (3). Moreover, the apparatus comprises a retro-reflector unit (17) for reflecting the light from the emitter to the receiver, and a movable shielding element (11) which is provided between the light source (5) and the optical fibre (19) and which prevents, in a first position, the light from the light source from reaching the optical fibre directly, and lets through, in a second position, the light from the light source directly to the optical fibre.
摘要:
Un procédé de détermination des paramètres, en particulier la pression, la température, la concentration, le nombre de particules et la répartition granulométrique, de substances gazeuses présentes dans des processus de combustion et dans d'autres processus se déroulant à haute température, comprend l'émission d'une lumière à large bande spectrale à travers l'objet (2) de la mesure. La lumière émise à travers cet objet se divise spectralement, et la distribution spectrale de la lumière dans la plage étudiée de longueurs d'ondes est enregistrée un grand nombre de fois. Ces enregistrements se font successivement, en ce sens que la lumière spectralement divisée est balayée par rapport à un détecteur a un seul canal et si rapidement que l'intensité totale de la lumière dans toute la plage de longueurs d'onde reste constante pendant chaque enregistrement. Ensuite, la valeur moyenne des distributions spectrales est générée, et les paramètres requis sont calculés sur la base de la distribution spectrale correspondant à la valeur moyenne, de l'apparence de la distribution spectrale correspondant à la valeur moyenne et des spectres calculés ou enregistrés dans des conditions connues, utilisés dans ce calcul. Un appareil comprend des dispositifs appropriés pour appliquer ce procédé.
摘要:
Method for titration comprising: providing a solution comprising at least one titrand and at least one indicator; providing a titrant; performing titration by repeatedly: transmitting light through the solution; measuring an intensity of light transmitted through the solution at a first wave length; measuring an intensity of light transmitted through the solution at a second wave length; comparing the measured intensities of light transmitted through the solution at the first and second wave lengths with a target value; and adding titrant to the solution at a rate based on said comparing.
摘要:
An interferometer comprises a beam splitter (BS) and two scanning mirrors (M1, M2), which are parallel and disposed on a common slide member that can be linearly displaced. The interferometer further comprises two compensating mirrors (M3, M4), which are disposed between the beam splitter (BS) and the scanning mirrors (M1, M2). The beam splitter (BS) and each of the compensating mirrors (M3, M4) are orthogonal. The interferometer has good tolerance for displacement inaccuracies of the scanning mirrors (M1, M2). The interferometer may be used for producing a compact and inexpensive Fourier transform spectrometer.
摘要:
A device for radiation absorption measurements may include a radiation source emitting electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the interval 0.2 μm-20 μm, a detector detecting the electromagnetic radiation, when in a measurement mode at least a portion of the radiation has passed through a medium and been reflected by a surface at a distance from the radiation source, before reaching the detector. The device may further include a fluid calibration cell, which is adapted to be arranged in the path of the electromagnetic radiation between the radiation source and the detector. A method for calibrating a device for radiation absorption measurements may involve emitting electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the interval 0.2 to 20 μm, directing at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation through a fluid calibration cell, and detecting the electromagnetic radiation.
摘要:
Un appareil pour l'émission et la réception de lumière comprend un émetteur composé d'une source lumineuse (5) et d'un miroir concave (7), ainsi qu'un récepteur pour recevoir la lumière provenant de l'émetteur. Le récepteur, relié à un appareillage d'analyse (3), incorpore un miroir concave (9), disposé derrière le miroir (7) de l'émetteur, dont le diamètre est supérieur à celui dudit miroir (7) de l'emetteur et dont le foyer est situé devant la source lumineuse (5). Une extrémité d'une fibre optique (19) servant à transmettre, à l'appareillage d'analyse la lumière reçue, (3) est positionnée dans le foyer dudit miroir (9). L'appareil comprend également une unité rétro-réflectrice (17) pour réfléchir la lumière provenant de l'émetteur vers le récepteur ainsi qu'un élément de blindage mobile (11), installé entre la source lumineuse (5) et la fibre optique (19). Ledit élément empêche, dans une première position, la lumière provenant de la source lumineuse d'atteindre la fibre optique directement, tout en permettant, dans une deuxième position, à ladite lumière d'atteindre directement la fibre optique.
摘要:
A method for determining parameters, especially pressure, temperature, concentration, number of particles and particle size distribution, of gaseous substances present in combustion processes and other high temperature processes, comprises transmitting spectrally broad-band light through an object (2) of measurement, spectrally dividing the light transmitted through said object, and recording the spectral distribution of the light in the studied wavelength range a large number of times. Each recording occurs sequentially in that the spectrally divided light is swept relative to a one-channel detector and for such a short time that the total light intensity of the entire wavelength range is constant during each recording. After that, the mean value of said recorded spectral distribution is generated, and the required parameters are calculated on the basis of said mean value spectral distribution, the appearance of said means value spectral distribution, as well as spectra calculated or recorded for known conditions, being utilised for said calculation. An apparatus comprises means for carrying out the method.