摘要:
A dielectric substrate is conditioned for plating from an electroless metal plating bath by providing the surface or surfaces of the substrate that are to be plated with semiconductor material whereby the semiconductor material, in the case of n-type material, exhibits energy band where the valence band is equal to or higher than and, in the case of p-type material, exhibits energy band where the valence band is equal to or lower than the redox potential of the metallic ions in the electroless plating bath that are to be deposited as metal on the substrate.
摘要:
Fuel cell catalysts which are efficient, long-lived, and refurbishable in-situ include gold carrying a UPD (underpotential deposited) deposit of another element. UPD Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, or Tl, Pb, Bi is formed on Au crystallites which are carried on and bonded to the surfaces of substrate carbon particles. The crystallites cause dissociative adsorption of the oxygen molecules so that four electrons are produced per molecule during the reduction reaction which is involved. In an alkaline electrolyte, the catalyst metals such as Pd, lr, Ag, Rh and Ptshow no tendency to poison the counter electrode (counter relative to the other electrode) since each of those metals is a good catalyst for both electrodes. Suitable fuels include methanol (CH 3 OH), formaldehyde (HCHO), and formic acid (HCOOH).
摘要:
The concentration of at least one organic additive in a plating bath is determined by providing a polished and preplated cathode, a reference electrode and anode in an electrolytic copper plating bath, passing an electric current from the anode to the cathode; measuring the voltage difference between the cathode and reference electrode; and comparing the difference to values for known concentrations of the at least one organic additive.
摘要:
A dielectric substrate is conditioned for plating from an electroless metal plating bath by providing the surface or surfaces of the substrate that are to be plated with semiconductor material whereby the semiconductor material, in the case of n-type material, exhibits energy band where the valence band is equal to or higher than and, in the case of p-type material, exhibits energy band where the valence band is equal to or lower than the redox potential of the metallic ions in the electroless plating bath that are to be deposited as metal on the substrate.
摘要:
Fuel cell catalysts which are efficient, long-lived, and refurbishable in-situ include gold carrying a UPD (underpotential deposited) deposit of another element. UPD Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, or Tl, Pb, Bi is formed on Au crystallites which are carried on and bonded to the surfaces of substrate carbon particles. The crystallites cause dissociative adsorption of the oxygen molecules so that four electrons are produced per molecule during the reduction reaction which is involved. In an alkaline electrolyte, the catalyst metals such as Pd, lr, Ag, Rh and Ptshow no tendency to poison the counter electrode (counter relative to the other electrode) since each of those metals is a good catalyst for both electrodes. Suitable fuels include methanol (CH 3 OH), formaldehyde (HCHO), and formic acid (HCOOH).
摘要:
The concentration of at least one organic additive in a plating bath is determined by providing a polished and preplated cathode, a reference electrode and anode in an electrolytic copper plating bath, passing an electric current from the anode to the cathode; measuring the voltage difference between the cathode and reference electrode; and comparing the difference to values for known concentrations of the at least one organic additive.