摘要:
The present invention relates to process to prepare a chlorine-containing compound using an aqueous salt solution containing at least 100 g/l of sodium chloride and a contaminating amount of polyvalent cations comprising the steps of (i) preparing an aqueous salt solution containing at least 100 g/l of sodium chloride and at least 0.01 ppm of polyvalent cations by dissolving a sodium chloride source in water, (ii) adding an effective amount of at least one positive retention enhancing component to the aqueous solution, (iii) subsequently subjecting the solution to a nanofiltration step, thereby separating the solution into a retentate which is enriched for polyvalent cations and a permeate which is the purified aqueous salt solution, (iv) reacting the chloride anions in the permeate to a chlorine-containing compound by an electrolysis step, and (v) recycling at least part of the retentate to dissolution step (i).
摘要:
An electrocatalytic process and apparatus (10) for oxidizing inorganic or organic species is disclosed. The process and apparatus (10) includes contacting a solution containing the inorganic or organic species with an electrocatalytic material disposed in the electrolytic reactor (20) and subsequently feeding the electrolytically treated solution to a catalytic reactor (200).
摘要:
Disclosed is a basic aluminum material having enhanced antiperspirant activity, the material having the empirical formula Al₂(OH) 6-a X a , where 0.5 ≦ a ≦ 5.0, and X is a univalent complex oxoanion of nitrogen, chlorine and other halogens, which forms salts with Al³⁺ in aqueous solution so that these salts are essentially completely dissociated, which is readily soluble in water with metallic ions in the solution, and which forms conjugate acids that are strong acids; and wherein the material is characterized by:
(a) size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography peaks corresponding to peak 3 and peak 4 of size exclusion chromatograms formed by HPLC technique; (b) a peak 4 relative area of at least 25%, a peak 3 relative area of less than 60%, the sum of the relative peak 3 and peak 4 areas being at least 50%; and (c) less than 10% chromatographic peaks eluting at shorter retention times than peak 3, corresponding to peaks 1 and 2.
Illustratively, the univalent oxoanion can be ClO₃⁻, ClO₄⁻, IO₄⁻, and preferably NO₃⁻. The material is characterized by having et least 25% by weight thereof in the form of Al b polyhydroxyaquoaluminum species. Also disclosed are antiperspirant compositions including the basic aluminum material, a zirconium, hafnium, titanium and/or tin antiperspirant active material and a neutral amino acid, and methods of forming the basic aluminum material and the antiperspirant composition. The basic aluminum material can be formed at relatively low temperatures, without first forming a dilute solution of a basic aluminum compound, and the basic aluminum material has a stable enhanced activity in aqueous solution over a relatively long period of time.
摘要:
Hypochlorite present in cell liquor or other aqueous chlorate solution is reduced electrolytically in the presence of dichromate using a high surface area cathode having a three-dimensional electrolyte-contacting surface. An electrode potential more positive than -1 volts Vs. SCE is applied to the cathode.
摘要:
A composition for energy-controlled generation and release of at least one gas, which includes an energy-activated catalyst capable of being activated by electromagnetic energy, and a solid or a liquid containing anions capable of being oxidized by the activated catalyst or reacted with species generated during activation of the catalyst to generate at least one gas. The composition, when exposed to electromagnetic energy, is capable of generating and releasing the gas after activation of the catalyst and oxidation or reaction of the anions.
摘要:
The present invention relates to process to prepare a chlorine-containing compound using an aqueous salt solution containing at least 100 g/l of sodium chloride and a contaminating amount of polyvalent cations comprising the steps of (i) preparing an aqueous salt solution containing at least 100 g/l of sodium chloride and at least 0.01 ppm of polyvalent cations by dissolving a sodium chloride source in water, (ii) adding an effective amount of at least one positive retention enhancing component to the aqueous solution, (iii) subsequently subjecting the solution to a nanofiltration step, thereby separating the solution into a retentate which is enriched for polyvalent cations and a permeate which is the purified aqueous salt solution, (iv) reacting the chloride anions in the permeate to a chlorine-containing compound by an electrolysis step, and (v) recycling at least part of the retentate to dissolution step (i).