摘要:
A process for permeation enhanced reactive extraction of levulinic acid from a liquid aqueous phase comprising levulinic acid, wherein the levulinic acid from the aqueous phase is brought into contact with a liquid alcohol phase at esterification conditions in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature in the range of from 50 to 250° C., the aqueous phase and the alcohol phase being separated from each other by a membrane, and an aqueous stream depleted in levulinic acid and an alcohol stream comprising ester of levulinic acid are formed.
摘要:
Process for reducing the cloud point of a base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of greater than 10 cSt by separating the molecules inferring the high cloud point from the base oil by means of a membrane separation wherein the feed is separated into a a permeate as the base oil having the reduced cloud point and a retentate.
摘要:
A device for separating liquid and/or gas components from each other, which device includes a ceramic membrane comprising a porous layer of &ggr;-alumina which is present on top of a porous layer of supporting material, wherein an alkali-free, phosphorous material is provided between said supporting material and said layer of &ggr;-alumina, and wherein said material preferably consists of monoaluminium phosphate.
摘要:
A method for reducing the mercury content of natural gas condensate, comprising the steps of providing a nanofiltration membrane having a feed side and a permeate side; contacting the natural gas condensate with the feed side of the membrane; and obtaining a mercury-depleted natural gas condensate at the permeate side of the membrane; and a natural gas processing plant comprising a condensate workup section including a nanofiltration membrane separation unit for reducing the mercury content of natural gas condensate.
摘要:
A method for reducing the mercury content of natural gas condensate, comprising the steps of providing a nanofiltration membrane having a feed side and a permeate side; contacting the natural gas condensate with the feed side of the membrane; and obtaining a mercury-depleted natural gas condensate at the permeate side of the membrane; and a natural gas processing plant comprising a condensate workup section including a nanofiltration membrane separation unit for reducing the mercury content of natural gas condensate.
摘要:
A process for upgrading a liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuel is provided, wherein an inlet stream of liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuel, preferably diesel or gasoline base fuel is contacted with a non-porous or nano-filtration membrane and a first liquid hydrocarbon outlet stream is recovered as the retentate and a second liquid hydrocarbon outlet stream is recovered as the permeate. The retentate is more than 70 weight % of the inlet stream. The inlet stream and the first and the second outlet stream each fulfil the requirements for base fuel without further treatment.
摘要:
The invention relates to a process for the production of hydrogen and carbon dioxide from a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, comprising: a) supplying a gaseous hydrocarbonaceous feedstock and steam to a reaction zone comprising a steam reforming catalyst and catalytically reforming the hydrocarbonaceous feedstock to produce a reformed gas comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide; b) supplying a molecular oxygen-comprising gas to the permeate side of a first hydrogen separation membrane; c) contacting a part of the hydrogen with a first hydrogen separation membrane, allowing the hydrogen to permeate through the first hydrogen separation membrane and combusting the hydrogen with the molecular oxygen at a permeate side of the first hydrogen separation membrane to produce all heat necessary for catalytic reforming the hydrocarbonaceous feedstock; d) contacting the remainder of the hydrogen with a second hydrogen separation membrane, which is separate from the first hydrogen separation membrane, and allowing the hydrogen to permeate through the second hydrogen separation membrane to obtain a first effluent comprising a substantially pure stream of hydrogen; and e) removing a stream rich in carbon dioxide from the reaction zone as a second effluent. The invention further related to a reactor for such process and to a fuel cell system comprising in series such reactor and a fuel cell.
摘要:
The invention concerns a process for the removal of gaseous acidic contaminants, especially carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen sulphide, in two or more stages from a gaseous hydrocarbonaceous feedstream (1) comprising hydrocarbons and said acidic contaminants, using one or more membranes in each separation stages. The gaseous hydrocarbonaceous feedstream is especially a natural gas stream. The process is especially suitable for feedstreams comprising very high amounts of acidic contaminants, especially carbon dioxide, e.g. more than 25 vol. %, or even more than 45 vol. %. In a first stage (2) a pure or almost pure stream of acidic contaminants is separated from the feedstream, the acidic contaminants (4) stream suitably containing less than 5 vol % of hydrocarbons. The remaining stream (3) comprises the hydrocarbons and still a certain amount of gaseous acidic contaminants. In a second stage (5) a pure or almost pure stream of hydrocarbons (8) is separated from the remaining stream, where after the then remaining stream (6) is combined with the feed for the first stage (1), the hydrocarbon stream suitably containing less than 5 vol % of acidic contaminants.
摘要:
The invention concerns a process for the removal of gaseous acidic contaminants, especially carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen sulphide, in two or more stages from a gaseous hydrocarbonaceous feedstream (1) comprising hydrocarbons and said acidic contaminants, using one or more membranes in each separation stages. The gaseous hydrocarbonaceous feedstream is especially a natural gas stream. The process is especially suitable for feedstreams comprising high amounts of acidic contaminants, e.g. between 10 and 95 vol. % of carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen sulphide, especially between 15 and 70 vol. %. In a first stage (2) a clean or almost clean hydrocarbon stream (3) is separated from the feedstream, the hydrocarbon stream suitably containing less than 5 vol % of acidic contaminants. The remaining stream (4) comprises the acidic contaminants and a certain amount of hydrocarbons. In a second stage (6) a pure or almost pure stream of acidic contaminants (8) is separated from the remaining stream (7), where after the then remaining stream is combined with the feed for the first stage (1), the acidic contaminants stream suitably containing less than 5 vol % of hydrocarbons.
摘要:
The present invention provides a process for obtaining a hydrocarbon-enriched fraction from a gaseous feedstock comprising a hydrocarbon fraction and carbon dioxide, which process comprises the steps of: providing a membrane having a retentate side and a permeate side; and contacting the feedstock with the retentate side of the membrane, obtaining a hydrocarbon-enriched fraction at the permeate side of the membrane, wherein the membrane is an organic modified meso-porous membrane.