公开(公告)号：US07499053B2

公开(公告)日：2009-03-03

申请号：US11474517

申请日：2006-06-23

申请人： Alexander Keller ,  Carsten Waechter

发明人： Alexander Keller ,  Carsten Waechter

IPC分类号： G06T15/50 ,  G06T15/60

CPC分类号： G06T15/40 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： Systems and techniques are described for ray tracing and for the efficient construction of acceleration data structures required for fast ray tracing. A computer graphics system generates, for each pixel in an image, a pixel value that is representative of a point in a scene as recorded on an image plane of a simulated camera. The computer graphics system is configured to generate the pixel value for an image using a selected ray-tracing methodology. The selected ray-tracing methodology includes the use of a ray tree that includes at least one ray shot from the pixel into a scene along a selected direction. The ray-tracing methodology further includes calculating the intersections of rays and surfaces in the scene. An axis-aligned bounding box is defined that contains, for a given ray, the point of intersection of the ray and surface nearest the origin of the ray. The bounding box is iteratively refined until a predetermined termination criterion has been met.

摘要翻译： 描述了用于光线跟踪和快速光线跟踪所需的加速度数据结构的有效构造的系统和技术。 计算机图形系统为图像中的每个像素生成表示在模拟相机的图像平面上记录的场景中的点的像素值。 计算机图形系统被配置为使用所选择的光线跟踪方法来生成图像的像素值。 所选择的光线跟踪方法包括使用包括从像素的至少一个射线沿着所选方向到场景的射线树。 光线跟踪方法还包括计算场景中的光线和表面的交点。 定义轴对齐的边界框，对于给定的射线，包含最接近射线原点的射线和表面的交点。 边界框被迭代地改进，直到满足预定的终止标准。

公开(公告)号：US20090051688A1

公开(公告)日：2009-02-26

申请号：US12102348

申请日：2008-04-14

申请人： Alexander Keller

发明人： Alexander Keller

IPC分类号： G06T17/00

CPC分类号： G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： Computer graphics apparatus, methods and systems and program products, operable to generate and display human-perceptible images, comprise a ray tracer operable to generate a ray tree, the ray tree comprising a primary ray shot along a selected direction and a plurality of other rays, the other rays being generated by recursive splitting. A ray is split when it encounters a predetermined condition, and each of the rays into which it is split is directed along a selected direction. The ray tracer comprises a low-discrepancy sequence generator an condition detector and a ray generator. The low-discrepancy sequence generator is configured to generate elements of at least one low-discrepancy sequence. The condition detector is configured to determine, for one of the rays in the ray tree, whether the one of the rays encounters the predetermined condition. The ray generator is configured to, when the condition detector makes a positive determination in connection with the one of the rays, generate a selected number “M” of split rays each along a splitting direction determined by a respective direction value.

摘要翻译： 可操作以产生和显示人类可感知图像的计算机图形装置，方法和系统和程序产品包括可操作以产生射线树的射线追踪器，所述射线树包括沿所选方向的一次射线射线和多个其它射线 ，其他光线是通过递归分割生成的。 当遇到预定条件时，射线被分裂，并且其中被分裂的射线中的每个射线沿选定的方向被引导。 射线追踪器包括一个低差异序列发生器，一个条件检测器和一个射线发生器。 低差异序列发生器被配置为生成至少一个低差异序列的元素。 条件检测器被配置为针对射线树中的一个射线确定射线中的一个是否遇到预定条件。 射线发生器被配置为当条件检测器与一条光线相结合时确定正确时，沿着由各个方向值确定的分割方向产生分割光线的选定数量“M”。

公开(公告)号：US20080120617A1

公开(公告)日：2008-05-22

申请号：US11560525

申请日：2006-11-16

申请人： Alexander Keller ,  Wim DePauw

发明人： Alexander Keller ,  Wim DePauw

IPC分类号： G06F9/46 ,  G06F15/16

CPC分类号： G06F9/46 ,  G06F9/5038 ,  G06F9/5061 ,  G06F17/30575 ,  G06Q10/063 ,  G06Q10/06312 ,  G06Q10/0633 ,  G06Q10/10

摘要： Techniques for constructing change plans from one or more component interactions are provided. For example, one computer-implemented technique includes observing at least one interaction between two or more components of at least one distributed computing system, consolidating the at least one interaction into at least one interaction pattern, and using the at least one interaction pattern to construct at least one change plan, wherein the at least one change plan is useable for managing the at least one distributed computing system. In another computer-implemented technique, a partial order of two or more changes is determined from at least one component interaction in at least one distributed computing system, the partial order of two or more changes is automatically transformed into at least one ordered task, wherein the at least one ordered task is linked by at least one temporal ordering constraint, and the at least one ordered task is used to generate at least one change plan useable for managing the distributed computing system is generated, wherein the change plan is based on at least one requested change.

摘要翻译： 提供了从一个或多个组件交互构建变更计划的技术。 例如，一种计算机实现的技术包括观察至少一个分布式计算系统的两个或多个组件之间的至少一个交互，将至少一个交互合并到至少一个交互模式中，以及使用至少一个交互模式来构造 至少一个改变计划，其中所述至少一个改变计划可用于管理所述至少一个分布式计算系统。 在另一计算机实现的技术中，从至少一个分布式计算系统中的至少一个组件交互确定两个或多个变化的部分顺序，两个或多个变化的部分顺序被自动转换成至少一个有序任务，其中 所述至少一个有序任务通过至少一个时间排序约束链接，并且所述至少一个有序任务用于生成可生成用于管理所述分布式计算系统的至少一个改变计划，其中所述改变计划基于 至少一个请求的更改。

公开(公告)号：US20080068378A1

公开(公告)日：2008-03-20

申请号：US11759676

申请日：2007-06-07

申请人： Alexander Keller

发明人： Alexander Keller

IPC分类号： G06T15/50

CPC分类号： G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： Computer graphics apparatus, methods, systems and program products (the term “programs” can include a product consisting of computer-readable program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium) are operable to generate pixel values for pixels in an image, and store or display a human-perceptible image based on the pixel values, using a selected ray-tracing methodology in which simulated rays are shot from the pixel into a scene, the simulated rays representing paths of simulated photons, the pixel value being representative of a point in a scene as recorded on an image plane of a simulated camera. The computer graphics system comprises a subdomain generator, a subdomain photon evaluator, an area value generator and a radiance value generator. An associated computer system generates, based on the pixel values, a display-controlling electrical output operable to control a display element and enable the display element to display an image.

摘要翻译： 计算机图形装置，方法，系统和程序产品（术语“程序”可以包括由计算机可读介质上编码的计算机可读程序指令组成的产品）可操作以生成图像中的像素的像素值，并存储或显示 使用所选择的光线跟踪方法，其中将模拟光线从像素拍摄到场景中，所述模拟光线表示模拟光子的路径，所述像素值表示像素值中的点 记录在模拟相机的图像平面上的场景。 计算机图形系统包括子域发生器，子域光子评估器，面积值发生器和辐射值发生器。 相关联的计算机系统基于像素值生成可操作以控制显示元件并使得显示元件能够显示图像的显示控制电输出。

公开(公告)号：US20080049019A1

公开(公告)日：2008-02-28

申请号：US11759404

申请日：2007-06-07

申请人： Alexander Keller

发明人： Alexander Keller

IPC分类号： G06T15/50

CPC分类号： G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： Computer graphics apparatus, methods, systems and program products (the term “programs” can include a product consisting of computer-readable program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium) operable to generate pixel values for pixels in an image, and store or display a human-perceptible image based on the pixel values, comprise a photon map generator, a sample point generator and a function evaluator, which respectively generate a plurality of photon maps each associated with a respective point in time during a time interval, generate a set of sample points in accordance with a selected low-discrepancy sequence, and evaluate selected functions using photon maps associated with respective points in time associated with the sample points, thereby generating values corresponding to the pixel values. An associated computer system generates, based on the pixel values, a display-controlling electrical output to enable a display element to display an image.

摘要翻译： 计算机图形装置，方法，系统和程序产品（术语“程序”可以包括由计算机可读介质上编码的计算机可读程序指令组成的产品），其可操作以生成图像中的像素的像素值，并且存储或显示 基于像素值的人感知图像包括分别产生多个光子图的光子图生成器，采样点发生器和函数评估器，每个光子图在时间间隔内与相应的时间点相关联，生成一组 使用与所选择的低差异序列相对应的时间点的光子图来评估所选择的函数，从而产生与像素值对应的值。 相关联的计算机系统基于像素值生成显示控制电输出，以使得显示元件能够显示图像。

公开(公告)号：US20070273690A1

公开(公告)日：2007-11-29

申请号：US11548124

申请日：2006-10-10

申请人： Alexander Keller

发明人： Alexander Keller

IPC分类号： G06T15/50

CPC分类号： G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： A computer graphics system generates a pixel value for a pixel in an image, the pixel being representative of a point in a scene as recorded on an image plane of a simulated camera. The computer graphics system comprises a sample point generator and a function evaluator. The sample point generator is configured to generate a set of sample points representing at least one simulated element of the simulated camera, the sample points representing elements of, illustratively, for sample points on the image plane, during time interval during which the shutter is open, and on the lens, a Hammersley sequence, and, for use in global illumination, a scrambled Halton sequence. The function evaluator configured to generate it least one value representing an evaluation of said selected function at one of the sample points (generated by said sample point generator the value generated by the function evaluator corresponding to the pixel value.

摘要翻译： 计算机图形系统为图像中的像素生成像素值，该像素代表记录在模拟相机的图像平面上的场景中的点。 计算机图形系统包括采样点发生器和功能评估器。 采样点发生器被配置为在快门打开的时间间隔期间生成表示模拟相机的至少一个模拟元素的采样点集合，采样点表示图像平面上的采样点的元素，示例性地示出 ，并且在镜头上是Hammersley序列，并且在全局照明中使用加扰的Halton序列。 所述功能评估器被配置为在所述采样点（由所述采样点生成器生成由与所述像素值相对应的所述函数评估器生成的值）生成表示对所选择的函数的评估的至少一个值。

公开(公告)号：US20070024615A1

公开(公告)日：2007-02-01

申请号：US11474517

申请日：2006-06-23

申请人： Alexander Keller ,  Carsten Waechter

发明人： Alexander Keller ,  Carsten Waechter

IPC分类号： G06T15/40

CPC分类号： G06T15/40 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/506 ,  G06T15/55

摘要： Systems and techniques are described for ray tracing and for the efficient construction of acceleration data structures required for fast ray tracing. A computer graphics system generates, for each pixel in an image, a pixel value that is representative of a point in a scene as recorded on an image plane of a simulated camera. The computer graphics system is configured to generate the pixel value for an image using a selected ray-tracing methodology. The selected ray-tracing methodology includes the use of a ray tree that includes at least one ray shot from the pixel into a scene along a selected direction. The ray-tracing methodology further includes calculating the intersections of rays and surfaces in the scene. An axis-aligned bounding box is defined that contains, for a given ray, the point of intersection of the ray and surface nearest the origin of the ray. The bounding box is iteratively refined until a predetermined termination criterion has been met.

摘要翻译： 描述了用于光线跟踪和快速光线跟踪所需的加速度数据结构的有效构造的系统和技术。 计算机图形系统为图像中的每个像素生成表示在模拟相机的图像平面上记录的场景中的点的像素值。 计算机图形系统被配置为使用所选择的光线跟踪方法来生成图像的像素值。 所选择的光线跟踪方法包括使用包括从像素的至少一个射线沿着所选方向到场景的射线树。 光线跟踪方法还包括计算场景中的光线和表面的交点。 定义轴对齐的边界框，对于给定的射线，包含最接近射线原点的射线和表面的交点。 边界框被迭代地改进，直到满足预定的终止标准。

公开(公告)号：US20060273732A1

公开(公告)日：2006-12-07

申请号：US11421144

申请日：2006-05-31

申请人： Vladimir Korobochko ,  Alexander Keller ,  Juergen Kleinschmidt

发明人： Vladimir Korobochko ,  Alexander Keller ,  Juergen Kleinschmidt

IPC分类号： H01J7/24 ,  H05B31/26

CPC分类号： H05G2/003 ,  H05G2/005

摘要： The invention is directed to an arrangement for the generation of intensive short-wavelength radiation based on a gas discharge plasma. It is the object of the invention to find a novel possibility for generating intensive short-wavelength radiation, particularly EUV radiation, based on a gas discharge plasma which achieves a long life of the electrode system along with a high total efficiency of the radiation source without substantially increasing the dimensions of the discharge unit. This object is met, according to the invention, in that exclusively suitably shaped vacuum insulation areas which have the shape of an annular gap and which are formed depending on the product of gas pressure (p) and interelectrode distance (d) between the cathode and anode are provided for insulating the cathode and anode from one another in a cylindrically symmetric electrode arrangement for reliable suppression of electron arcing.

摘要翻译： 本发明涉及一种用于产生基于气体放电等离子体的强烈的短波长辐射的装置。 本发明的目的是发现基于气体放电等离子体产生强烈的短波长辐射，特别是EUV辐射的新型可能性，其能够实现电极系统的长寿命以及辐射源的高总效率而没有 大大增加了放电单元的尺寸。 根据本发明，符合本发明的目的在于，具有环形间隙形状的完全合适形状的真空绝缘区域，其取决于气体压力（p）和阴极和（d）之间的电极间距离（d）的乘积而形成 阳极被提供用于将阴极和阳极彼此隔离成圆柱形对称电极布置，以可靠地抑制电子弧。

公开(公告)号：US07096459B2

公开(公告)日：2006-08-22

申请号：US10241213

申请日：2002-09-11

申请人： Alexander Keller ,  Gautam Kar

发明人： Alexander Keller ,  Gautam Kar

IPC分类号： G06F9/44 ,  G06F9/45

CPC分类号： G06F11/0709 ,  G06F11/079

摘要： A technique for determining a root cause of a condition (e.g., service outage) of at least one subject component in a computing environment comprises the following steps/operations. First, one or more components in the computing environment upon which the at least one subject component depends (e.g., antecedents) are identified. Identification comprises traversing at least a portion of a model representative of an existence of one or more relationships associated with at least a portion of components of the computing environment and which is capable of accounting for a full lifecycle (e.g., including deployment, installation and runtime) associated with at least one component of the computing environment. Then, one or more procedures are performed in accordance with the one or more identified components to determine a condition status associated with each of the one or more identified components. By way of example, the inventive techniques may be applied to a distributed computing environment. The computing environment may also be an autonomic computing environment.

摘要翻译： 用于确定计算环境中的至少一个主题组件的条件（例如，服务中断）的根本原因的技术包括以下步骤/操作。 首先，识别至少一个对象组件所依赖的计算环境中的一个或多个组件（例如，前提）。 识别包括遍历代表与计算环境的组件的至少一部分相关联的一个或多个关系的存在的模型的至少一部分，并且能够计算整个生命周期（例如，包括部署，安装和运行时 ）与计算环境的至少一个组件相关联。 然后，根据所述一个或多个所识别的组件执行一个或多个过程，以确定与所述一个或多个所识别组件中的每一个相关联的状态状态。 作为示例，本发明的技术可以应用于分布式计算环境。 计算环境也可以是自主计算环境。

公开(公告)号：US07062472B2

公开(公告)日：2006-06-13

申请号：US10017814

申请日：2001-12-14

申请人： Asit Dan ,  Gautam Kar ,  Alexander Keller ,  Heiko Hary Ludwig

发明人： Asit Dan ,  Gautam Kar ,  Alexander Keller ,  Heiko Hary Ludwig

IPC分类号： G06F17/00

CPC分类号： G06Q10/10 ,  G06Q20/382 ,  G06Q30/018 ,  G06Q50/188

摘要： Computer-based methods and systems are provided for constructing, deploying, executing and managing the performance of electronic contract based service applications across multiple business entities. In this context, the electronic service contract includes information to be used for configuration and enforcement not just by the primary parties to the contract, but also by other parties referred to herein as sponsored roles in the contract. At least a portion of the contract may be monitored, enforced or managed by at least one of the sponsored roles. In one aspect of the invention, a computer-based electronic business service system includes: (1) a contract builder; (2) a contract deployment component; (3) one or more measurement systems; (4) a violation detection system; and (5) a management system. Generally, the contract builder component provides the mechanism for defining and pricing the contract, checking the validity of the contract and a repository for storing the completed contracts. The deployment system is responsible for configuring the (run-time) system in order to meet one or a set of contracts. The measurement system maintains information on the current system configuration, and run-time information on the metrics that are part of the contract. The violation detection system is responsible for comparing measured parameters against the thresholds defined in the contract and notifying the management system. Upon receipt of a notification, the management system will then issue appropriate actions to correct the problem, as specified in the contract.