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公开(公告)号：US4128301A
公开(公告)日：1978-12-05
申请号：US782571
申请日：1977-03-29
申请人： William K. Burns , A. Fenner Milton
发明人： William K. Burns , A. Fenner Milton
CPC分类号： G02B6/29332 , G02B6/2821 , G02B6/29344
摘要： An optical waveguide power divider which uses a two-dimensional slab waveguide. An input confined to one arm propagates to a point where synchronism between two closely adjacent guides is abruptly introduced by introducing an overlay with a fast taper. The coupled guides are here sufficiently synchronous and close together that the symmetrical and asymmetrical normal modes of the coupled structure will be excited, each with 1/2 of the input power. Synchronism is then slowly removed by tapering the overlay to zero so that mode "a" selects arm #1 while mode "b" selects arm #2. These latter changes are adiabatic, i.e., slow enough tAfter synchronism has been removed, the two arms may be spatially separated to split the power into two directions.
摘要翻译： 一种使用二维平板波导的光波导功率分配器。 限于一个臂的输入通过引入具有快速锥度的覆盖层而传播到两个相邻导轨之间的同步突然引入的点。 耦合的引导件在这里是充分同步的并且靠近在一起，使得耦合结构的对称和不对称的正常模式将被激励，每个具有1/2的输入功率。 然后通过使覆盖层逐渐变细，缓慢移除同步，使模式“a”在模式“b”选择手臂＃2时选择手臂＃1。 这些后面的改变是绝热的，即足够慢t当已经去除了同步之后，两个臂可以在空间上分离以将功率分成两个方向。
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公开(公告)号：US07262902B2
公开(公告)日：2007-08-28
申请号：US10969616
申请日：2004-10-20
申请人： William K. Burns , Joelle Prince , Edward Ackerman
发明人： William K. Burns , Joelle Prince , Edward Ackerman
CPC分类号： G02F1/035 , G02F1/225 , G02F2001/212 , G02F2203/15
摘要： An optical resonant modulator includes an optical ring resonator and an optical loop that is coupled to the optical ring resonator by two couplers. The optical ring resonator can have a hybrid design in which the ring resonator is formed on an electro-optically passive material and the optical loop is formed on an electro-optically active material. An amplification section can be inserted between the electro-optically passive and the electro-optically active sections. In analog applications, an optical resonator includes a Mach Zehnder interferometer section having an input and an output, with a feedback path coupling the output to the input. Applications of the optical modulator of the invention, and a method for modulating an optical signal also are disclosed.
摘要翻译： 光学谐振调制器包括光环谐振器和通过两个耦合器耦合到光环谐振器的光环路。 光环谐振器可以具有混合设计，其中环形谐振器形成在电光无源材料上，并且光环路形成在电光活性材料上。 放大部分可插入电光无源部分和电光活性部分之间。 在模拟应用中，光谐振器包括具有输入和输出的马赫曾德尔干涉仪部分，具有将输出耦合到输入的反馈路径。 本发明的光调制器的应用和光信号的调制方法也被公开。
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公开(公告)号：US06356673B1
公开(公告)日：2002-03-12
申请号：US09566238
申请日：2000-05-05
申请人： William K. Burns
发明人： William K. Burns
IPC分类号： G02B1035
CPC分类号： G02F1/2255
摘要： A low loss coplanar waveguide horn with low drive voltage LiNbO3 modulators wherein the electrical transmission of the traveling wave electrode structure, and of the input and output coupling structures, sometimes called the “horn”, which transition the active electrode structure with microwave connectors, is maximized by an appropriate design of the horn structure. The conflicting requirements of the leaky mode loss and maintaining sufficient size to allow microwave connection, can be reconciled by an adjustment of the ground plane width, which also effects the magnitude of coupling of the guided mode to substrate modes. Control of both the maximum horn size and the width of the ground planes in particular modulator electrode structures can provide operation to 40 GHz in LiNbO3 devices with substrate thicknesses of ˜≦1.0 mm, without excess leaky mode loss. The horn structures are ≦3 mm long and the active waveguides are ˜4-5 cm long. They are made on Z-cut LiNbO3, with electroplated gold CPW electrodes of 10-30 &mgr;m thickness.
摘要翻译： 具有低驱动电压LiNbO 3调制器的低损耗共面波导喇叭，其中行波电极结构的电传输以及有源电极结构与微波连接器转换的有时称为“喇叭”的输入和输出耦合结构是 通过喇叭结构的适当设计最大化。 可以通过对接地平面宽度的调整来调节泄漏模式损耗的冲突的要求并保持足够的尺寸以允许微波连接，这也影响了引导模式与衬底模式的耦合的大小。 在特定调制器电极结构中，最大喇叭尺寸和接地平面宽度的控制可以在衬底厚度为〜1.0mm的LiNbO 3器件中提供40GHz的操作，而不会造成过多的漏模损耗。 喇叭结构长<= 3毫米，有源波导长约4-5厘米。 它们由Z切割的LiNbO3制成，电镀金CPW电极的厚度为10-30μm。
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24.发明授权公开(公告)号：US06304685B1
公开(公告)日：2001-10-16
申请号：US09566237
申请日：2000-05-05
申请人： William K. Burns
发明人： William K. Burns
IPC分类号： G02F1035
CPC分类号： G02F1/2255 , G02F1/0316 , G02F1/0344 , G02F2001/212
摘要： This device is a broadband, electro-optic modulator comprising an exemplary coplanar waveguide (CPW) electrode structure on an exemplary Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The modulator is formed on a lithium niobate (LiNbO3) substrate that is etched so as to form ridges upon which a gold center electrode and two gold grounded waveguides are deposited upon a buffer layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2) to form a coplanar waveguide electrode structure having a waveguide mode for receiving an electrical signal propagating therethrough in a first direction with a second phase velocity to phase modulate an optical light in the optical waveguide at a frequency in the range from 0 Hz to substantially 40 GHz. The ridges formed by the etching of the substrate acts to lower the effective dielectric constant of the structure, and as the spacing between electrodes is increased, the overlap integral gets larger as the electrical field becomes more vertical, and better confined, and the intrinsic electrical loss coefficient is reduced and the electrical losses through the device become smaller requiring less voltage to modulate the optical signal.
摘要翻译： 该装置是包括示例性的马赫 - 策德尔干涉仪上的示例性共面波导（CPW）电极结构的宽带电光调制器。 调制器形成在铌酸锂（LiNbO 3）衬底上，其被蚀刻以形成脊，其上金中心电极和两个金接地波导沉积在二氧化硅（SiO 2）的缓冲层上以形成共面波导电极结构 具有用于以第二相速度在第一方向上接收通过其传播的电信号的波导模式，以在0至40GHz范围内的频率对光波导中的光进行相位调制。 由基板的蚀刻形成的脊部起到降低结构的有效介电常数的作用，并且随着电极之间的间隔增加，随着电场变得更垂直并且更好地限制，重叠积分变大，并且本征电 损耗系数降低，通过器件的电损耗变小，需要更少的电压来调制光信号。
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25.发明授权Apparatus and method for improving the frequency response of modulators based on the Sagnac interferometer 失效基于Sagnac干涉仪改善调制器频率响应的装置和方法
公开(公告)号：US6072919A
公开(公告)日：2000-06-06
申请号：US005481
申请日：1998-01-12
摘要： An optical method and apparatus particularly useful as an intensity modulation system, in which two phase modulators are placed in the loop of a Sagnac interferometer. Selective placement of the modulators, and the amplitude of any modulation signal input to the modulators, varies the bandwidth and frequency response of the system. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of the optical distances of the modulators from interferometric midpoint, and the ratio of modulation signal amplitudes, is about 3:1, which serves to broaden and flatten the frequency response of the system.
摘要翻译： 特别用作强度调制系统的光学方法和装置，其中两个相位调制器被放置在Sagnac干涉仪的环路中。 调制器的选择性放置以及调制器输入的任何调制信号的幅度会改变系统的带宽和频率响应。 在优选实施例中，调制器的光距离与干涉中点的比率以及调制信号幅度的比率为约3:1，这用于扩大和平坦化系统的频率响应。
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公开(公告)号：US6016198A
公开(公告)日：2000-01-18
申请号：US966197
申请日：1997-11-07
CPC分类号： G02F1/2255
摘要： A Mach-Zehnder interferometer has electrodes configured to act as a microe transmission line. The optical waveguide arms have a reflective coating on their distal ends so that light is reflected back through the arms. The microwave transmission line is open-ended in a vicinity of the reflective coating so that microwave energy is reflected at the open end. Thus, the interferometer supports a traveling wave in a reflective configuration, and the distance over which interaction takes place can be effectively doubled.
摘要翻译： 马赫 - 曾德干涉仪具有用作微波传输线的电极。 光波导臂在其远端具有反射涂层，使得光通过臂反射回。 微波传输线在反射涂层附近开放，使得微波能量在开放端被反射。 因此，干涉仪支持反射配置的行波，并且发生相互作用的距离可以有效地加倍。
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27.发明授权Multi-octave, high dynamic range operation of low-biased modulators by balanced detection 失效通过平衡检测，可实现低偏置调制器的多倍频程，高动态范围运行
公开(公告)号：US5644665A
公开(公告)日：1997-07-01
申请号：US508119
申请日：1995-07-27
CPC分类号： G02F1/0327 , G02F2203/19
摘要： An optical link is disclosed that is operated by a balanced detection technique so as to extend its linear dynamic range, yet substantially eliminate even-order harmonic distortion of the modulated signal. The modulator comprises two parallel arranged Mach-Zehnder interferometers that respectively have a steady state DC voltage bias applied so that the operating points of the Mach-Zehnder interferometers are selected to produce two separate modulated signals, one of which is later phase shifted by a phase shift device so as to provide an output that is combined with the other modulated signal in such a manner so as to cause a subtraction, leaving the final output signal substantially free of any unwanted even-order harmonic components in order to provide for a multi-octave response characteristic.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种通过平衡检测技术操作以便扩展其线性动态范围但基本上消除调制信号的偶次谐波失真的光链路。 调制器包括两个平行布置的马赫 - 曾德干涉仪，分别具有施加的稳态直流电压偏压，使得马赫 - 策德尔干涉仪的工作点被选择以产生两个分离的调制信号，其中一个后来被相位相移 以提供与其他调制信号组合的输出，以便产生减法，从而使最终输出信号基本上没有任何不需要的偶次谐波分量， 八度响应特性。
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公开(公告)号：US5407787A
公开(公告)日：1995-04-18
申请号：US77903
申请日：1993-06-18
摘要： A process for making thick metal structures on a substrate has the steps of: selectively exposing a thick layer of photoresist disposed on a substrate to ultraviolet radiation including the 350 nm to 450 nm portion of tile spectrum of a mercury vapor lamp, where the photoresist layer is a heat-treated arid hydrated photoresist layer, to fully pattern the substrate: developing the patterned substrate by contacting the photoresist layer with a photoresist developing solution; exposing the photoresist layer to a plasma for hardening the pattern against thermal flow; hardbaking the photoresist pattern on the substrate; plating the metal onto the patterned substrate using a low current density (J) during at least part of the plating process, making a thick methyl structure on the substrate.
摘要翻译： 在衬底上制造厚金属结构的方法具有以下步骤：选择性地将设置在衬底上的厚的光致抗蚀剂层暴露于包含汞蒸气灯的瓷砖光谱的350nm至450nm部分的紫外线辐射，其中光刻胶层 是热处理的水合光致抗蚀剂层，以完全图案化基底：通过使光致抗蚀剂层与光致抗蚀剂显影溶液接触来显影图案化的基底; 将光致抗蚀剂层暴露于等离子体以使图案硬化以抵抗热流动; 硬化基板上的光致抗蚀剂图案; 在电镀工艺的至少一部分期间使用低电流密度（J）将金属镀覆到图案化衬底上，在衬底上形成厚的甲基结构。
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29.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US5331404A
公开(公告)日：1994-07-19
申请号：US983335
申请日：1992-11-30
IPC分类号： G01C19/72
CPC分类号： G01C19/721
摘要： A system and method for subtracting excess noise from a high sensitivity gyroscope system in which a laser diode array is focused into an Nd-doped active fiber. A resultant gyro signal is polarized, detected, and amplified. A noise signal is polarized, delayed, detected, and amplified such that the noise signal is polarized parallel to the gyro signal and delayed by a fiber delay, of a length equal to a length of a gyroscope fiber coil. The excess noise component in the amplified gyro signal is reduced by modulating the amplified noise signal with a portion of the amplified gyro signal and subtracting the amplitude-modulated noise signal from the amplified gyro signal to produce a reduced noise gyro signal.
摘要翻译： 一种用于从激光二极管阵列聚焦成Nd掺杂有源光纤的高灵敏度陀螺仪系统中减去多余噪声的系统和方法。 得到的陀螺仪信号被极化，检测和放大。 噪声信号被极化，延迟，检测和放大，使得噪声信号被平行于陀螺仪信号极化并延迟了与陀螺仪光纤线圈的长度相等的长度的光纤延迟。 通过利用放大的陀螺仪信号的一部分调制放大的噪声信号并从放大的陀螺仪信号中减去调幅噪声信号来减小放大的陀螺仪信号中的多余噪声分量，以产生减小的噪声陀螺仪信号。
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公开(公告)号：US4761049A
公开(公告)日：1988-08-02
申请号：US913430
申请日：1986-09-30
CPC分类号： G02F1/0353 , G02F2001/0142
摘要： Successive waveguide regions in a birefringent waveguide host electric fields oriented transverse to any optical wave propagated through the waveguide. A scheme of cascaded electrodes biased by voltage(s) applied to the electrodes dictate instantaneous field polarity. Cascaded electrodes are sited in nonopposed, noninterleaved relation on opposite sides of a long electrode partially overlapping the waveguide.
摘要翻译： 双折射波导主电场中的连续波导区域横向于通过波导传播的任何光波。 由施加到电极的电压偏置的级联电极的方案决定瞬时场极性。 级联电极位于与波导部分重叠的长电极的相对侧上的非对置非交织关系。
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