公开(公告)号：US06170318B2

公开(公告)日：2001-01-09

申请号：US09183724

申请日：1998-10-30

申请人： Nathan S. Lewis

发明人： Nathan S. Lewis

IPC分类号： G01N33497

CPC分类号： G01N33/497 ,  G01N27/126 ,  G01N33/0031 ,  G01N2291/02863

摘要： Methods of use and devices for detecting analyte in fluid. A system for detecting an analyte in a fluid is described comprising a substrate having a sensor comprising a first organic material and a second organic material where the sensor has a response to permeation by an analyte. A detector is operatively associated with the sensor. Further, a fluid delivery appliance is operatively associated with the sensor. The sensor device has information storage and processing equipment, which is operably connected with the device. This device compares a response from the detector with a stored ideal response to detect the presence of analyte. An integrated system for detecting an analyte in a fluid is also described where the sensing device, detector, information storage and processing device, and fluid delivery device are incorporated in a substrate. Methods for use for the above system are also described where the first organic material and a second organic material are sensed and the analyte is detected with a detector operatively associated with the sensor. The method provides for a device, which delivers fluid to the sensor and measures the response of the sensor with the detector. Further, the response is compared to a stored ideal response for the analyte to determine the presence of the analyte. In different embodiments, the fluid measured may be a gaseous fluid, a liquid, or a fluid extracted from a solid. Methods of fluid delivery for each embodiment are accordingly provided.

摘要翻译： 使用方法和检测流体中分析物的装置。 描述了一种用于检测流体中的分析物的系统，其包括具有传感器的基底，该传感器包括第一有机材料和第二有机材料，其中该传感器对分析物的渗透具有响应。 检测器与传感器可操作地相关联。 此外，流体输送装置可操作地与传感器相关联。 传感器装置具有可与装置可操作地连接的信息存储和处理设备。 该装置将来自检测器的响应与存储的理想响应进行比较以检测分析物的存在。 还描述了用于检测流体中的分析物的集成系统，其中感测装置，检测器，信息存储和处理装置以及流体输送装置并入基板中。 还描述了用于上述系统的方法，其中感测到第一有机材料和第二有机材料，并且用与传感器可操作地相关联的检测器检测分析物。 该方法提供了将流体输送到传感器并且测量传感器与检测器的响应的装置。 此外，将响应与分析物存储的理想响应进行比较以确定分析物的存在。 在不同的实施方案中，所测量的流体可以是气态流体，液体或从固体中提取的流体。 因此，提供了每个实施例的流体输送方法。

公开(公告)号：US5911872A

公开(公告)日：1999-06-15

申请号：US949730

申请日：1997-10-14

申请人： Nathan S. Lewis ,  Erik Severin

发明人： Nathan S. Lewis ,  Erik Severin

IPC分类号： G01N27/12 ,  G01N33/00 ,  G01N27/26

CPC分类号： G01N27/126 ,  G01N33/0031

摘要： Chemical sensors for detecting analytes in fluids comprise first and second conductive elements (e.g., electrical leads) electrically coupled to and separated by a chemically sensitive resistor which provides an electrical path between the conductive elements. The resistor comprises a plurality of alternating nonconductive regions (comprising a nonconductive organic polymer) and conductive regions (comprising a conductive material) transverse to the electrical path. The resistor provides a difference in resistance between the conductive elements when contacted with a fluid comprising a chemical analyte at a first concentration, than when contacted with a fluid comprising the chemical analyte at a second different concentration. Arrays of such sensors are constructed with at least two sensors having different chemically sensitive resistors providing dissimilar such differences in resistance. Variability in chemical sensitivity from sensor to sensor is provided by qualitatively or quantitatively varying the composition of the conductive and/or nonconductive regions. An electronic nose for detecting an analyte in a fluid may be constructed by using such arrays in conjunction with an electrical measuring device electrically connected to the conductive elements of each sensor.

公开(公告)号：US5891398A

公开(公告)日：1999-04-06

申请号：US154604

申请日：1998-09-16

申请人： Nathan S. Lewis ,  Michael S. Freund

发明人： Nathan S. Lewis ,  Michael S. Freund

IPC分类号： G01N27/12 ,  G01N33/00 ,  G01N33/02 ,  G01N33/14 ,  G01N33/497 ,  G01N27/02

CPC分类号： G01N27/126 ,  G01N33/0031 ,  G01N33/497

摘要： Chemical sensors for detecting analytes in fluids comprise first and second conductive elements (e.g. electrical leads) electrically coupled to and separated by a chemically sensitive resistor which provides an electrical path between the conductive elements. The resistor comprises a plurality of alternating nonconductive regions (comprising a nonconductive organic polymer) and conductive regions (comprising a conductive material) transverse to the electrical path. The resistor provides a difference in resistance between the conductive elements when contacted with a fluid comprising a chemical analyte at a first concentration, than when contacted with a fluid comprising the chemical analyte at a second different concentration. Arrays of such sensors are constructed with at least two sensors having different chemically sensitive resistors providing dissimilar such differences in resistance. Variability in chemical sensitivity from sensor to sensor is provided by qualitatively or quantitatively varying the composition of the conductive and/or nonconductive regions. An electronic nose for detecting an analyte in a fluid may be constructed by using such arrays in conjunction with an electrical measuring device electrically connected to the conductive elements of each sensor.

公开(公告)号：US5698089A

公开(公告)日：1997-12-16

申请号：US689227

申请日：1996-08-07

申请人： Nathan S. Lewis ,  Michael S. Freund

发明人： Nathan S. Lewis ,  Michael S. Freund

IPC分类号： G01N27/12 ,  G01N33/00 ,  G01N33/02 ,  G01N33/14 ,  G01N33/497 ,  G01N27/26

CPC分类号： G01N27/126 ,  G01N33/0031 ,  G01N33/497 ,  Y10S435/817

摘要： Chemical sensors for detecting analytes in fluids comprise first and second conductive elements (e.g. electrical leads) electrically coupled to and separated by a chemically sensitive resistor which provides an electrical path between the conductive elements. The resistor comprises a plurality of alternating nonconductive regions (comprising a nonconductive organic polymer) and conductive regions (comprising a conductive material) transverse to the electrical path. The resistor provides a difference in resistance between the conductive elements when contacted with a fluid comprising a chemical analyte at a first concentration, than when contacted with a fluid comprising the chemical analyte at a second different concentration. Arrays of such sensors are constructed with at least two sensors having different chemically sensitive resistors providing dissimilar such differences in resistance. Variability in chemical sensitivity from sensor to sensor is provided by qualitatively or quantitatively varying the composition of the conductive and/or nonconductive regions. An electronic nose for detecting an analyte in a fluid may be constructed by using such arrays in conjunction with an electrical measuring device electrically connected to the conductive elements of each sensor.

摘要翻译： 用于检测流体中的分析物的化学传感器包括电耦合到化学敏感电阻器并由传导元件提供电路径的化学敏感电阻器分隔开的第一和第二导电元件（例如电引线）。 电阻器包括多个交替的非导电区域（包括非导电有机聚合物）和横向于电路径的导电区域（包括导电材料）。 当与包含第一浓度的化学分析物的流体接触时，电阻器在与包含化学分析物的流体以第二不同浓度接触时与导电元件之间的电阻差异。 这种传感器的阵列由具有不同化学敏感电阻器的至少两个传感器构成，提供不同的电阻差异。 通过定性地或定量地改变导电和/或非导电区域的组成来提供从传感器到传感器的化学敏感性的变化。 用于检测流体中的分析物的电子鼻可以通过使用这样的阵列结合电连接到每个传感器的导电元件的电测量装置来构造。

公开(公告)号：US4459343A

公开(公告)日：1984-07-10

申请号：US451336

申请日：1982-12-20

申请人： James F. Gibbons ,  George W. Cogan ,  Christian M. Gronet ,  Nathan S. Lewis

发明人： James F. Gibbons ,  George W. Cogan ,  Christian M. Gronet ,  Nathan S. Lewis

IPC分类号： H01G9/20 ,  H01M14/00 ,  H01M6/36

CPC分类号： H01M14/005 ,  H01G9/20

摘要： Solid-liquid interface photoelectrochemical cells are provided wherein the liquid phase comprises a nonaqueous solvent, an electrolyte dissolved therein forming an ionically conductive solution and a redox couple suitable to accept and donate electrons from and to the electrodes. The redox couple is present in an amount sufficient to sustain a predetermined current and the concentrations of the electrolyte and redox couple in the solution are sufficient to provide no greater than a selected small voltage drop relative to the output voltage of the cell. The efficiency of conversion of light to electrical energy of such photoelectrochemical cells are 10% and greater.

摘要翻译： 提供了固液界面光电化学电池，其中液相包含非水溶剂，溶解在其中的形成离子导电溶液的电解质和适于从电极接收和提供电子的氧化还原对。 氧化还原对以足以维持预定电流的量存在，并且溶液中的电解质和氧化还原对的浓度足以相对于电池的输出电压提供不大于所选择的小电压降。 光电化学电池的光转换能量的效率为10％以上。