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公开(公告)号：US10102473B1
公开(公告)日：2018-10-16
申请号：US15702640
申请日：2017-09-12
摘要： Digitized images of the propagated waveforms returned by Time-Domain (TD) sensors reveal the effects of bound water in soil samples, causing errors in the volumetric water content reported for samples due to soil type. Pattern analysis yields not only correct volumetric water content values but also the soil type from which the waveform was taken. Collection and analysis of waveforms from soils having precisely known properties yield computer-generated algorithms to improve the accuracy and number of reporting variables for integrated TD sensors. These algorithms can be deployed in the Cloud for external analysis, or can be incorporated within the sensor to report highly accurate readings of water content, conductivity and soil type under all conditions of these variables with no interpretive burden placed on the user of the sensor. Machine learning algorithms are intended to externally augment data measured by these sensors, or can be added to similar sensors.
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公开(公告)号：US20040059509A1
公开(公告)日：2004-03-25
申请号：US10659645
申请日：2003-09-10
IPC分类号： G01V003/00
CPC分类号： G01N33/246
摘要： Methods and apparatuses are described for detecting volumetric moisture content and conductivity in various media based on a time-domain reflectometry (TDR) system wherein successive fast transitions are injected into a transmission line immersed in a medium of interest, and a characteristic received waveform is digitized and analyzed by continuously sampling multiple received waveforms at short time intervals. One method transmits a timing signal along a shielded transmission line while a coincident signal is transmitted through the medium of interest. Another method propagates the waveform along a transmission line, that may be either shorted or open-ended, and observes a reflected, rather than transmitted, waveform with a receiver connected to the same end of the transmission line as the transmitter. The effects of dispersion caused by the conductive and dielectric properties of the medium on the waveform in an unshielded transmission line are extrapolated by detecting the bulk propagation time and the slope of the distorted rising edge of the characteristic received waveform. Absolute volumetric moisture percentage is inferred from propagation time, and absolute conductivity is inferred from the maximum slope value of the distorted rising edge of the characteristic received waveform.
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公开(公告)号：US20050088182A1
公开(公告)日：2005-04-28
申请号：US10905417
申请日：2005-01-03
申请人： Scott Anderson
发明人： Scott Anderson
CPC分类号： G01N33/246
摘要： Narrow pulses transmitted wirelessly from a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna are used to measure the electrical permittivity of the medium of interest between the two antennas. Timing signals are transmitted along a shielded transmission line coincident with the wireless transmission through the medium. The received waveform is digitized in the time domain and analyzed to determine the propagation time. The effects of dispersion caused by the conductive and dielectric properties of the medium on the transmitted waveform are overcome through analysis of the digitized waveform, resulting in an accurate measurement of the propagation time and thus the permittivity of the medium, from which volumetric moisture content may be derived.
摘要翻译： 使用从发射天线到接收天线无线发送的窄脉冲来测量两个天线之间的感兴趣介质的介电常数。 定时信号沿着与通过介质的无线传输一致的屏蔽传输线传输。 接收到的波形在时域被数字化，并进行分析以确定传播时间。 通过分析数字化波形来克服介质导电和介电性质对传输波形的影响，从而精确测量传播时间，从而准确测量介质的介电常数，从而可以从中体积含水量 被派生。
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公开(公告)号：US07068051B2
公开(公告)日：2006-06-27
申请号：US10905417
申请日：2005-01-03
申请人： Scott K. Anderson
发明人： Scott K. Anderson
CPC分类号： G01N33/246
摘要： Narrow pulses transmitted wirelessly from a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna are used to measure the electrical permittivity of the medium of interest between the two antennas. Timing signals are transmitted along a shielded transmission line coincident with the wireless transmission through the medium. The received waveform is digitized in the time domain and analyzed to determine the propagation time. The effects of dispersion caused by the conductive and dielectric properties of the medium on the transmitted waveform are overcome through analysis of the digitized waveform, resulting in an accurate measurement of the propagation time and thus the permittivity of the medium, from which volumetric moisture content may be derived.
摘要翻译： 使用从发射天线到接收天线无线发送的窄脉冲来测量两个天线之间的感兴趣介质的介电常数。 定时信号沿着与通过介质的无线传输一致的屏蔽传输线传输。 接收到的波形在时域被数字化，并进行分析以确定传播时间。 通过分析数字化波形来克服介质导电和介电性质对传输波形的影响，从而精确测量传播时间，从而准确测量介质的介电常数，从而可以从中体积含水量 被派生。
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公开(公告)号：US20040164750A1
公开(公告)日：2004-08-26
申请号：US10367310
申请日：2003-02-19
IPC分类号： G01R027/26
CPC分类号： G01R27/2664 , G01N33/246
摘要： A method and apparatus for detecting volumetric moisture content and conductivity in various media based on the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) system disclosed in patent application Ser. No. 09/945528. As in patent application Ser. No. 09/945528, successive square waves are generated and transmitted on a transmission line through a medium of interest, and a characteristic received waveform is digitized and analyzed by continuously sampling multiple received waveforms at short time intervals. Unlike the former system, the system in this disclosure does not propagate the waveform along a transmission line to a receiver at the other end of the line, but uses a reflected wave approach in which the waveform propagates down a shorted or open ended transmission line and reflects back to a receiver connected to the same end of the line as the transmitter. The effects of dispersion caused by the conductive and dielectric properties of the medium on the waveform sent on the transmission line are extrapolated. This is accomplished by detecting the bulk propagation time and the slope of the distorted rising edge of the characteristic received waveform. Absolute volumetric moisture percentage is inferred from propagation time, and absolute conductivity is inferred from the maximum slope value of the distorted rising edge of the characteristic received waveform.
摘要翻译： 基于专利申请系列公开的时域反射（TDR）系统，检测各种介质中的体积水分含量和电导率的方法和装置。 第09/945528号。 如专利申请 通过感兴趣的介质在传输线上产生并发送连续的方波，并且通过以短时间间隔连续采样多个接收波形来对特征接收波形进行数字化和分析。 与前一个系统不同，本公开中的系统不会沿着传输线将波形传播到线路的另一端的接收机，而是使用反射波方式，其中波形沿着短路或开路传输线传播， 反射回连接到与发射机相同的一端的接收机。 由介质的导电和介电性质引起的色散对传输线上发送的波形的影响被外推。 这是通过检测体积传播时间和特征接收波形的失真上升沿的斜率来实现的。 绝对体积湿度百分比是从传播时间推断的，绝对电导率是根据特征接收波形失真上升沿的最大斜率推断的。
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公开(公告)号：US08285503B1
公开(公告)日：2012-10-09
申请号：US13305363
申请日：2011-11-28
申请人： Scott K. Anderson
发明人： Scott K. Anderson
摘要： The described apparatus and methods use Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to determine the absolute volumetric moisture content of various media. The effects of dispersion caused by conductive and dielectric properties of the medium on the waveform are extrapolated by detecting the bulk propagation time and the slope of the distorted transition of the characteristic reflected waveform. Fast transitions are injected by a differential step function generator into a two-conductor waveguide, which is immersed in soil or other medium of interest. Unlike previous single-ended TDR systems, a differential digitizer senses the probes. Timing control between the two digitizers is critical. Use of an integrated fully differential system eliminates the need for a coaxial cable and an associated balancing transformer, or balun. This enables a two-conductor probe that is more easily inserted into soil, rather than requiring three conductors. Non-conductive probe tips may be pointed to facilitate insertion without causing measurement ambiguity.
摘要翻译： 所描述的装置和方法使用时域反射计（TDR）来确定各种介质的绝对体积含水量。 通过检测体积传播时间和特征反射波形的失真转变的斜率，外推了由介质导电和介质特性引起的色散对波形的影响。 快速跃迁由差分步进函数发生器注入到双导体波导中，该导体波导浸入土壤或其他感兴趣的介质中。 与以前的单端TDR系统不同，差分数字化仪感测探头。 两个数字化仪之间的时序控制至关重要。 使用集成的全差分系统不需要同轴电缆和相关的平衡变压器或平衡 - 不平衡转换器。 这使得能够更容易地插入土壤中的双导体探针，而不需要三根导体。 非导电探针尖端可以指向以便于插入而不引起测量模糊。
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公开(公告)号：US07562832B1
公开(公告)日：2009-07-21
申请号：US12015988
申请日：2008-01-17
申请人： Scott K. Anderson
发明人： Scott K. Anderson
CPC分类号： A01G25/167 , Y10T137/189
摘要： An absolute moisture sensor is coupled to a controller circuit with the combination being integrated into a single device as a moisture-activated switch. The resultant switch is coupled in series with a power control line of a moisture-controlling device and can be placed within the medium for which moisture is to be controlled. In one typical use, the switch is buried in soil for control of valves that supply irrigation water. Since the moisture sensor is selected to provide an absolute reading of moisture, the switch programs itself when power from an external source is first applied. A communication protocol provides for readout of sensor values and allows for a remote reset of the controller.
摘要翻译： 绝对水分传感器耦合到控制器电路，其组合被集成到单个设备中作为水分激活的开关。 所得开关与湿气控制装置的功率控制线串联耦合，并且可以放置在要控制湿气的介质内。 在一个典型的用途中，开关被埋在土壤中，用于控制供应灌溉水的阀门。 由于选择湿度传感器以提供绝对读数的湿度，所以当首次施加来自外部源的电源时，开关自行编程。 通信协议提供传感器值的读出并允许控制器的远程复位。
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公开(公告)号：US07091830B2
公开(公告)日：2006-08-15
申请号：US10688190
申请日：2003-10-16
IPC分类号： G05B11/01
CPC分类号： G01N22/04 , G01N25/56 , Y10T137/189
摘要： A combination of frequency and time division multiplexed signals communicates using bursts of higher frequency sinusoidal waves superimposed upon the alternating current in a two-wire power distribution network. A synchronization pattern precedes data, all bursts having the same frequency to overcome problems caused by varying reactances, and all bursts being confined within negative half-cycles of the AC power. Such networks minimize the amount of wire needed to connect large numbers of devices to a common controller while covering large distances, and requiring no particular connection pattern or terminations, whether near the surface, above ground, or in deep earth wells. In an irrigation system they accommodate at once solenoid valves and distributed environmental sensors. Landscape changes that would otherwise require new wiring to accommodate new irrigation zones are facilitated by merely tapping into the two-wire communications lines at the nearest accessible point. Outdoor lighting controls and security sensors are easily accommodated.
摘要翻译： 频率和时分复用信号的组合使用叠加在双线配电网络中的交流电流上的较高频率正弦波的脉冲串。 同步模式在数据之前，所有突发具有相同的频率，以克服由变化的电抗引起的问题，并且所有脉冲串被限制在AC功率的负半周期内。 这样的网络最大限度地减少了将大量设备连接到公共控制器同时覆盖较大距离所需的电线量，并且不需要特定的连接模式或终端，无论是靠近地面，地面还是在深水井。 在灌溉系统中，它们可以容纳一次电磁阀和分布式环境传感器。 通过仅在最近的可接近点进入双线通信线路，便于通过新的布线来适应新的灌溉区域的景观变化。 户外照明控制和安全传感器易于安装。
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9.发明申请公开(公告)号：US20040164746A1
公开(公告)日：2004-08-26
申请号：US10367688
申请日：2003-02-19
IPC分类号： G01R027/04 , G01R027/32
CPC分类号： G01N22/04
摘要： A method and apparatus for detecting volumetric moisture content and conductivity in various media based on the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) system disclosed in patent application Ser. No. 09/945,528. As in patent application Ser. No. 09/945,528, successive square waves are generated and transmitted on a transmission line through a medium of interest, and a characteristic received waveform is analyzed by continuously sampling multiple received waveforms at short time intervals. Unlike the former system, the system in this disclosure does not house the transmitting and receiving circuitry on the same circuit board, but uses a bistatic approach to separate transmitting and receiving modules. A timing signal is coincidentally sent with the transmitted waveform along a separate shielded transmission line. The effects of dispersion caused by the conductive and dielectric properties of the medium on the waveform sent on the unshielded transmission line are extrapolated. This is accomplished by detecting the bulk propagation time and the slope of the distorted rising edge of the characteristic received waveform. Absolute volumetric moisture percentage is inferred from propagation time, and absolute conductivity is inferred from the maximum slope value of the distorted rising edge of the characteristic received waveform.
摘要翻译： 基于专利申请系列公开的时域反射（TDR）系统，检测各种介质中的体积水分含量和电导率的方法和装置。 第09 / 945,528号。 如专利申请 No.09 / 945,528中，通过感兴趣的介质在传输线上产生并发送连续的方波，并且通过以短时间间隔连续采样多个接收波形来分析特征接收波形。 与前一个系统不同，本公开中的系统不在同一电路板上容纳发射和接收电路，而是使用双向方法来分离发射和接收模块。 一个定时信号与发射的波形沿独立的屏蔽传输线一致发送。 由介质的导电和介电性质引起的色散对在非屏蔽传输线上发送的波形的影响被外推。 这是通过检测体积传播时间和特征接收波形的失真上升沿的斜率来实现的。 绝对体积湿度百分比是从传播时间推断的，绝对电导率是根据特征接收波形失真上升沿的最大斜率推断的。
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