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公开(公告)号：US4449781A
公开(公告)日：1984-05-22
申请号：US323581
申请日：1981-11-20
CPC分类号： G02B6/2821 , G02B6/2835 , G02B6/2852 , G02B6/2856
摘要： An optical fiber coupler is described for operatively coupling together two or more optical fibers. Each coupler consists of several biconically tapered fibers. The biconical sections of each fiber are placed side by side or twisted around one another, and fused together. The couplers are typically made of optical fibers having a diameter in the range from about 100 to about 300 microns. The fiber comprises a core of glass having a high index of refraction and cladding of glass with a low index of refraction. The cladding of each biconical section has been reduced by chemical etching, plasma etching, ion-milling, abrasion or the like, to a thickness not exceeding 25 percent of the core diameter, more preferably less than 10 percent and most preferably from about 5 percent to about 10 percent of the core diameter. The couplers are of step or graded index optical fiber. The design can be adapted as multiport access couplers when more than two fibers are involved. The reduction of cladding thickness is essential to produce optical fiber couplers with a coupling coefficient of about 40 percent and an average loss of about 10 percent.
摘要翻译： 描述了一种用于将两根或多根光纤可操作地连接在一起的光纤耦合器。 每个耦合器由几个双锥形光纤组成。 每个纤维的双锥形部分并排放置或彼此扭曲并融合在一起。 耦合器通常由直径在约100至约300微米范围内的光纤制成。 该纤维包括具有高折射率折射率和折射率低的玻璃包层的玻璃芯。 通过化学蚀刻，等离子体蚀刻，离子研磨，磨损等将每个双锥形部分的包层减少至不超过芯直径的25％的厚度，更优选小于10％，最优选约5％ 至芯径的约10％。 耦合器是步进或渐变折射率光纤。 当涉及两根以上的纤维时，该设计可以适用于多端口接入耦合器。 包覆厚度的降低对于制造具有约40％的耦合系数和约10％的平均损耗的光纤耦合器是必需的。
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公开(公告)号：US4654678A
公开(公告)日：1987-03-31
申请号：US771356
申请日：1985-08-30
IPC分类号： H01L31/107 , H01L29/90
CPC分类号： H01L31/107
摘要： The invention is an improved avalanche photodiode having reduced electrical noise arising from spurious surface generation of charge carriers. The avalanche photodiode includes active and neighboring regions adjacent a first surface of a semiconductor body with a gap region therebetween and a channel extending a distance into the semiconductor body from a portion of the second opposed surface opposite the gap region. A P-N junction is formed between regions of opposite conductivity type including a portion thereof over the channel. Since the dopant concentration at the junction is less over the channel, the local avalanche gain over the channel is less, thereby reducing the noise contribution from carriers generated in the gap region.
摘要翻译： 本发明是一种改进的雪崩光电二极管，其具有由电荷载体的杂散表面产生引起的电噪声降低。 雪崩光电二极管包括与半导体主体的第一表面相邻的有源和相邻区域，其间具有间隙区域，以及从与间隙区域相对的第二相对表面的一部分延伸到半导体本体的距离的沟道。 在相对导电类型的区域之间形成P-N结，其中包括通道上的一部分。 由于结点处的掺杂剂浓度小于沟道，因此通道上的局部雪崩增益较小，从而降低了在间隙区域中产生的载流子的噪声贡献。
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公开(公告)号：US4439221A
公开(公告)日：1984-03-27
申请号：US458021
申请日：1983-01-14
CPC分类号： G02B6/2835 , G02B6/2856
摘要： An apparatus and method are described for making an optical fiber coupler. A pair of optical fibers are supported in predetermined orientation by positioning means. The latter are spaced apart along a common axis. The optical fibers are positioned within tube means of a selected size intermediate the positioning means. In use, the tube means functions as a furnace to distribute heat uniformly to at least a portion of the fibers to fuse the same together. One of the positioning means preferable is rotatable, to enable twisting of the fibers. It is also preferable that at least one fiber has a tensile force applied to it. More preferably, the tensile force is sufficient to cause necking of the heated fiber, thereby forming a biconical section therein. Rotation of one positioning means through about one half revolution normally causes twisting of the biconical section and fusion thereof to the other fiber. Typically, both fibers are subject to a pulling force to create biconical sections. In an automated system the fibers are of indeterminate length, fed through a furnace and simultaneously given a twist to couple and fuse sections of fiber together. The fibers may already have biconical sections therein; or such sections can be formed by applying a sufficient tensile pull to each heated fiber to cause necking of the same. The couplers may be made from two or more optical fibers. Each fiber may be of the same, or different, diameters.
摘要翻译： 描述了一种用于制造光纤耦合器的装置和方法。 一对光纤通过定位装置以预定方向支撑。 后者沿公共轴线间隔开。 光纤定位在定位装置中间的选定尺寸的管装置内。 在使用中，管装置用作炉子，以将热量均匀地分配到至少一部分纤维以将其熔合在一起。 优选的定位装置中的一个是可旋转的，以使得能够扭转纤维。 还优选的是，至少一种纤维具有施加到其上的张力。 更优选地，拉伸力足以引起加热的纤维的颈缩，从而在其中形成双锥形部分。 一个定位装置旋转约一个半转通常会导致双锥形部分的扭转和其它纤维的熔合。 通常，两根纤维经受拉力以产生双锥形切片。 在自动化系统中，纤维具有不确定的长度，通过炉送入并同时给予扭转以将纤维部分连接并融合在一起。 纤维可能已经具有双锥形部分; 或者可以通过对每个加热的纤维施加足够的拉伸拉力来使其形成颈缩。 耦合器可以由两根或更多根光纤制成。 每个纤维可以具有相同或不同的直径。
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公开(公告)号：US4637126A
公开(公告)日：1987-01-20
申请号：US771066
申请日：1985-08-30
IPC分类号： H01L31/107 , H01L21/302
CPC分类号： H01L31/107 , Y10S148/013
摘要： An avalanche photodiode includes a region of second conductivity type extending a distance into a substrate and a region of first conductivity type extending a further distance into the substrate of first conductivity type with a P-N junction therebetween. The invention is a method for fabricating an avalanche photodiode having a specified breakdown voltage. The method includes the step of measuring the concentration of the first type conductivity modifiers and removing a portion of the surface of the substrate prior to forming the region of second conductivity type. This method provides control of the concentration of the first type conductivity modifiers at the P-N junction and thereby controls the breakdown voltage.
摘要翻译： 雪崩光电二极管包括延伸到衬底中的距离的第二导电类型的区域和将第二导电类型的区域延伸到具有第一导电类型的衬底中的第二导电类型的区域，其间具有P-N结。 本发明是制造具有指定击穿电压的雪崩光电二极管的方法。 该方法包括在形成第二导电类型的区域之前测量第一类型电导率改性剂的浓度并去除衬底表面的一部分的步骤。 该方法提供对P-N结处的第一类型电导率调节剂的浓度的控制，从而控制击穿电压。
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公开(公告)号：US4712862A
公开(公告)日：1987-12-15
申请号：US901036
申请日：1986-08-27
CPC分类号： G02B6/3847 , G02B6/262 , G02B6/382
摘要： Fiber optic connectors typically have a light reflection occurring at the fiber to air interface. This reflection may be minimized by a connector having a supporting means with an opening therethrough, a pellicle and having first and second major surfaces wherein the first major surface is attached to the supporting means and extends over the opening and a low refection coating on the second major surface. The connector may be assembled by supporting the fiber and positioning the pellicle such that the end face of the fiber is adjacent the first major surface. The connector may also be assembled by forming the supporting means, forming the pellicle and attaching the pellicle to the supporting means such that the pellicle extends over the opening.
摘要翻译： 光纤连接器通常在光纤到空气接口处发生光反射。 这种反射可以通过具有穿过其中的开口的支撑装置的连接器来最小化，防护薄膜并具有第一和第二主表面，其中第一主表面附接到支撑装置并且在开口上延伸，并且在第二主表面上延伸出低反射涂层 主要表面。 连接器可以通过支撑纤维并定位防护薄膜来组装，使得纤维的端面与第一主表面相邻。 也可以通过形成支撑装置来组装连接器，形成防护薄膜组件并将防护薄膜组件附接到支撑装置，使得防护薄膜组件在开口上延伸。
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