摘要:
A process for purifying glycerin recovered as a byproduct of biodiesel production comprises heating a glycerin effluent stream containing a low molecular weight alcohol, water and fatty acid esters of the low molecular weight alcohol to cause transesterification of the fatty acid esters to glycerides and additional low molecular weight alcohol. The reaction mixture is sparged with nitrogen to help remove water and low molecular weight alcohol, which drives the transesterification reaction towards glyceride formation. A wash water stream may also be added to the recovered glycerin stream from biodiesel production. Either before or following the transesterification reaction, an oil layer can be separated from the recovered glycerin stream by reducing the pH of the stream to below 7. Following separation of the oil layer and transesterification the glycerin stream is flash distilled to separate glycerin from water, salts, and glycerides.
摘要:
Systems and methods for directing waste gases to a by-pass conduit from a conduit to a waste gas purifier in response to signals indicating predetermined conditions which are harmful to the waste gas purifier to which the waste gases are normally directed while at the same time maintaining a substantially uniform pressure at the source of the waste gases. Preferably, the source of the waste gases is a scrubber unit for a maleic anhydride production unit. The waste gas purifier is preferably a catalytic oxidation unit for oxidizing hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the waste gases.
摘要:
A process for the integral production and reactive consumption of hydrogen peroxide combines oxidation of a high-boiling secondary alcohol to form hydrogen peroxide and the ketone analog, recycle of a hydrogenated ketone/alcohol stream to the oxidation step, and epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid esters utilizing a gaseous hydrogen peroxide stream as it is produced. The epoxidized esters are known to have desirable characteristics for use as plasticizers and similar products.
摘要:
A process is described for producing fatty acid alkyl esters for both diesel fuel and non-fuel uses. The feed material includes whole oleaginous seeds slurried in a liquid triglyceride oil containing at least two weight percent free fatty acid, wherein oil from inside the seeds is first extracted with concurrent esterification of free fatty acids from all sources in an acidic environment. Following sufficient free fatty acid reaction, the intermediate product is subjected to base-catalyzed concurrent extraction and transesterification. Decanting of the byproduct glycerin is followed by water washing. Subsequently, the fatty acid ester product is concurrently purified and fractionated into a biodiesel fuel stream and a non-fuel fraction, each of which undergoes post treatment as needed. The process is optionally integrated with glycerin purification and/or methanol recovery.
摘要:
Reactor and method for providing improved conversion of oxidizable pollutants from a waste gas stream by passing such a gas stream at a velocity of less than about 200 feet per minute through a chamber containing a thin catalyst bed capable of oxidizing the oxidizable pollutants and having a temperture rise from the inlet side to the outlet side of the bed of between about 50.degree. C. and about 400.degree. C. and a distributor plate located upstream and parallel to the bed. The distributor plate contains a plurality of openings such that the plate surface has a total open area of less than about 10% therein. In a preferred embodiment wherein a plurality of catalyst beds are provided, separate distributor plates are placed between the inlet for each bed and the bed itself.
摘要:
Reactor for removing oxidizable pollutants from a waste gas stream which comprises (1) means for introducing the waste gas stream through an inlet into a chamber containing a substantially horizontal catalyst bed container means below the inlet, which container means is for containing a granular catalyst bed for oxidizing the pollutants and which container means comprises (a) support means for the catalyst bed which support means is permeable to the waste gas stream and covers substantially the entire horizontal cross section area of the chamber below the catalyst bed and has an outer edge adjacent to the chamber wall, (b) packing means to fit around the outer edge of the support means to prevent loss of catalyst between the edge of the support means and the wall of the chamber, (c) ledge means which provides a substantially horizontal support around the inside periphery of the chamber wall for leveling the catalyst bed and which ledge means also exerts substantial downward and outward pressure on the packing means to thereby tightly press the packing means against the support means and the wall of the chamber, (2) means for passing the waste gas stream through the catalyst bed while maintaining the catalyst bed at a temperature of between about 140.degree. C. and about 540.degree. C. and sufficient to sustain catalytic oxidation of the oxidizable pollutants; and (3) means for withdrawing through an outlet of the chamber the waste gas stream which has passed through the catalyst bed.
摘要:
The present invention relates to the co-production of unsaturated aldehydes via a crossed-aldol condensation reaction catalyzed by recyclable water-soluble phase-transfer catalysts or the hydroxides thereof. The aldehydes are then hydrogenated to the desired alcohol products or saturated aldehyde feed stocks. Specifically, methods in which 2,4-diethyloctanol is co-produced with 2-ethylhexanol in batch and continuous processes are described. Recovery of the phase-transfer catalyst through water washing followed by “salting out” from the washings is also demonstrated.
摘要:
An apparatus for supporting plants growing from the ground includes an elongated rigid pole with a plurality of axially-spaced apertures along much of the pole. Flexible cord ties are threaded in a spiral fashion through at least three apertures in the long wall of the elongated pole, and knots at the ends are tied around plant stems or branches thereby preventing disengagement from the holes and simultaneously supporting the plant. One end of the elongated pole is cut at an angle to the axis to form a point.
摘要:
Systems and methods for directing waste gases to a by-pass conduit from a conduit to a waste gas purifier in response to signals indicating predetermined conditions which are harmful to the waste gas purifier to which the waste gases are normally directed while at the same time maintaining a substantially uniform pressure at the source of the waste gases. Preferably, the source of the waste gases is a scrubber unit for a maleic anhydride production unit. The waste gas purifier is preferably a catalytic oxidation unit for oxidizing hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the waste gases.
摘要:
A process is described for producing fatty acid alkyl esters for both diesel fuel and non-fuel uses. The feed material includes whole oleaginous seeds slurried in a liquid triglyceride oil containing at least two weight percent free fatty acid, wherein oil from inside the seeds is first extracted with concurrent esterification of free fatty acids from all sources in an acidic environment. Following sufficient free fatty acid reaction, the intermediate product is subjected to base-catalyzed concurrent extraction and transesterification. Decanting of the byproduct glycerin is followed by water washing. Subsequently, the fatty acid ester product is concurrently purified and fractionated into a biodiesel fuel stream and a non-fuel fraction, each of which undergoes post treatment as needed. The process is optionally integrated with glycerin purification and/or methanol recovery.