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公开(公告)号：US06512399B1
公开(公告)日：2003-01-28
申请号：US09999237
申请日：2001-12-03
IPC分类号： G11C706
CPC分类号： G11C27/026
摘要： A peak detect-and-hold circuit eliminates errors introduced by conventional amplifiers, such as common-mode rejection and input voltage offset. The circuit includes an amplifier, three switches, a transistor, and a capacitor. During a detect-and-hold phase, a hold voltage at a non-inverting in put terminal of the amplifier tracks an input voltage signal and when a peak is reached, the transistor is switched off, thereby storing a peak voltage in the capacitor. During a readout phase, the circuit functions as a unity gain buffer, in which the voltage stored in the capacitor is provided as an output voltage. The circuit is able to sense signals rail-to-rail and can readily be modified to sense positive, negative, or peak-to-peak voltages. Derandomization may be achieved by using a plurality of peak detect-and-hold circuits electrically connected in parallel.
摘要翻译： 峰值检测和保持电路消除了常规放大器引入的误差，例如共模抑制和输入电压偏移。 该电路包括放大器，三个开关，晶体管和电容器。 在检测和保持阶段期间，放大器的非反相输入端子处的保持电压跟踪输入电压信号，并且当达到峰值时，晶体管被关断，从而在电容器中存储峰值电压。 在读出阶段期间，电路用作单位增益缓冲器，其中存储在电容器中的电压被提供为输出电压。 该电路能够检测轨到轨信号，并且可以容易地修改以检测正，负或峰 - 峰电压。 可以通过使用并联电连接的多个峰值检测和保持电路来实现差分化。
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2.发明申请Method and apparatus for signal processing in a sensor system for use in spectroscopy 有权用于光谱学的传感器系统中的信号处理方法和装置公开(公告)号：US20050246140A1
公开(公告)日：2005-11-03
申请号：US10835092
申请日：2004-04-29
CPC分类号： H03K5/1532 , G01J1/44 , G01J3/2803 , G01J2001/4238 , G01R19/04
摘要： A method for processing pulses arriving randomly in time on at least one channel using multiple peak detectors includes asynchronously selecting a non-busy peak detector (PD) in response to a pulse-generated trigger signal, connecting the channel to the selected PD in response to the trigger signal, and detecting a pulse peak amplitude. Amplitude and time of arrival data are output in first-in first-out (FIFO) sequence. An apparatus includes trigger comparators to generate the trigger signal for the pulse-receiving channel, PDs, a switch for connecting the channel to the selected PD, and logic circuitry which maintains the write pointer. Also included, time-to-amplitude converters (TACs) convert time of arrival to analog voltage and an analog multiplexer provides FIFO output. A multi-element sensor system for spectroscopy includes detector elements, channels, trigger comparators, PDs, a switch, and a logic circuit with asynchronous write pointer. The system includes TACs, a multiplexer and analog-to-digital converter.
摘要翻译： 一种用于处理使用多个峰值检测器在至少一个信道上随机随机到达的脉冲的方法包括响应于脉冲产生的触发信号来异步地选择非忙峰值检测器（PD），以响应于所选择的PD将信道连接到所选择的PD 触发信号，并检测脉冲峰值振幅。 幅度和到达时间数据以先进先出（FIFO）序列输出。 一种装置包括触发比较器，用于产生用于脉冲接收通道的触发信号，PD，用于将通道连接到所选择的PD的开关，以及维持写指针的逻辑电路。 还包括时间到幅度转换器（TAC）将到达时间转换为模拟电压，模拟多路复用器提供FIFO输出。 用于光谱的多元素传感器系统包括检测器元件，通道，触发比较器，PD，开关和具有异步写指针的逻辑电路。 该系统包括TAC，多路复用器和模数转换器。
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3.发明授权Method and apparatus for signal processing in a sensor system for use in spectroscopy 有权用于光谱学的传感器系统中的信号处理方法和装置公开(公告)号：US07378637B2
公开(公告)日：2008-05-27
申请号：US10835092
申请日：2004-04-29
CPC分类号： H03K5/1532 , G01J1/44 , G01J3/2803 , G01J2001/4238 , G01R19/04
摘要： A method for processing pulses arriving randomly in time on at least one channel using multiple peak detectors includes asynchronously selecting a non-busy peak detector (PD) in response to a pulse-generated trigger signal, connecting the channel to the selected PD in response to the trigger signal, and detecting a pulse peak amplitude. Amplitude and time of arrival data are output in first-in first-out (FIFO) sequence. An apparatus includes trigger comparators to generate the trigger signal for the pulse-receiving channel, PDs, a switch for connecting the channel to the selected PD, and logic circuitry which maintains the write pointer. Also included, time-to-amplitude converters (TACs) convert time of arrival to analog voltage and an analog multiplexer provides FIFO output. A multi-element sensor system for spectroscopy includes detector elements, channels, trigger comparators, PDs, a switch, and a logic circuit with asynchronous write pointer. The system includes TACs, a multiplexer and analog-to-digital converter.
摘要翻译： 一种用于处理使用多个峰值检测器在至少一个信道上随机随机到达的脉冲的方法包括响应于脉冲产生的触发信号异步地选择非忙峰值检测器（PD），以响应于所选择的PD将信道连接到所选择的PD 触发信号，并检测脉冲峰值振幅。 幅度和到达时间数据以先进先出（FIFO）序列输出。 一种装置包括触发比较器，用于产生用于脉冲接收通道的触发信号，PD，用于将通道连接到所选择的PD的开关，以及维持写指针的逻辑电路。 还包括时间到幅度转换器（TAC）将到达时间转换为模拟电压，模拟多路复用器提供FIFO输出。 用于光谱的多元素传感器系统包括检测器元件，通道，触发比较器，PD，开关和具有异步写入指针的逻辑电路。 该系统包括TAC，多路复用器和模数转换器。
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4.发明授权Multi-window signal processing electronics architecture for photon counting with multi-element sensors 有权多窗口信号处理电子结构用于多元素传感器的光子计数公开(公告)号：US08354650B2
公开(公告)日：2013-01-15
申请号：US12282607
申请日：2007-03-22
IPC分类号： G01T1/00
摘要： A radiation detection and counting system (2) includes a radiation detector element (5) for outputting a signal related to an energy of a radiation event received thereby and an amplifier (8) for amplifying the signal output by the detector element (5). A gain equalization circuit (10) adjusts the gain of the amplified output signal and a plurality of comparators (12) compare the gain adjusted amplified output signal to a like plurality of different valued threshold signals that are independently adjustable of each other A plurality of counters (20) is operative whereupon only the counter associated with the one comparator (12) that changes state in response to the peak of the gain adjusted amplified output signal exceeding the value of the trigger threshold signal thereof is incremented. A storage (24) stores the incremented value of each counter (20) accumulated over a sample time interval and data output logic circuit (26) transfers the stored accumulated counts out of the storage.
摘要翻译： 辐射检测和计数系统（2）包括用于输出与由其接收的辐射事件的能量相关的信号的放射线检测器元件（5）和用于放大由检测器元件（5）输出的信号的放大器（8）。 增益均衡电路（10）调节放大的输出信号的增益，并且多个比较器（12）将增益调整的放大输出信号与可以彼此独立调节的相似多个不同值阈值信号进行比较多个计数器 （20）可操作，因此只有与响应于超过其触发阈值信号值的增益调整放大输出信号的峰值改变状态的一个比较器（12）相关联的计数器增加。 存储器（24）存储在采样时间间隔上累积的每个计数器（20）的递增值，并且数据输出逻辑电路（26）将存储的累积计数从存储器传送出去。
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5.发明申请MULTI-WINDOW SIGNAL PROCESSING ELECTRONICS ARCHITECTURE FOR PHOTON COUNTING WITH MULTI-ELEMENT SENSORS 有权用于具有多元传感器的光子计数器的多窗口信号处理电子结构公开(公告)号：US20090302232A1
公开(公告)日：2009-12-10
申请号：US12282607
申请日：2007-03-22
IPC分类号： G01T1/00
摘要： A radiation detection and counting system (2) includes a radiation detector element (5) for outputting a signal related to an energy of a radiation event received thereby and an amplifier (8) for amplifying the signal output by the detector element (5). A gain equalization circuit (10) adjusts the gain of the amplified output signal and a plurality of comparators (12) compare the gain adjusted amplified output signal to a like plurality of different valued threshold signals that are independently adjustable of each other A plurality of counters (20) is operative whereupon only the counter associated with the one comparator (12) that changes state in response to the peak of the gain adjusted amplified output signal exceeding the value of the trigger threshold signal thereof is incremented. A storage (24) stores the incremented value of each counter (20) accumulated over a sample time interval and data output logic circuit (26) transfers the stored accumulated counts out of the storage.
摘要翻译： 辐射检测和计数系统（2）包括用于输出与由其接收的辐射事件的能量相关的信号的放射线检测器元件（5）和用于放大由检测器元件（5）输出的信号的放大器（8）。 增益均衡电路（10）调节放大的输出信号的增益，并且多个比较器（12）将增益调整的放大输出信号与可以彼此独立调节的相似多个不同值阈值信号进行比较多个计数器 （20）可操作，因此只有与响应于超过其触发阈值信号值的增益调整放大输出信号的峰值改变状态的一个比较器（12）相关联的计数器增加。 存储器（24）存储在采样时间间隔上累积的每个计数器（20）的递增值，并且数据输出逻辑电路（26）将存储的累积计数从存储器传送出去。
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公开(公告)号：US08598393B2
公开(公告)日：2013-12-03
申请号：US12681053
申请日：2008-10-16
申请人： Paul O'Connor
发明人： Paul O'Connor
CPC分类号： C10G1/002 , C10G1/08 , C10G11/18 , C10G2300/1011 , Y02P30/20
摘要： A process is described for reducing the oxygen content of a high-oxygen feedstock. The process is particularly suitable for biomass-based feedstocks. The process comprises contacting the feedstock with carbon monoxide and/or coke in the presence of a catalyst. Conveniently, the coke may be present in the form of a deposit on the catalyst. Carbon monoxide may be generated in a regeneration step of the catalyst. The process may be carried out in conventional refinery equipment.
摘要翻译： 描述了一种降低高氧原料氧含量的方法。 该方法特别适用于基于生物质的原料。 该方法包括在催化剂存在下使原料与一氧化碳和/或焦炭接触。 方便地，焦炭可以以催化剂上沉积物的形式存在。 在催化剂的再生步骤中可能产生一氧化碳。 该方法可以在常规的炼油设备中进行。
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公开(公告)号：US08519012B2
公开(公告)日：2013-08-27
申请号：US13400140
申请日：2012-02-20
申请人： Paul O'Connor
发明人： Paul O'Connor
CPC分类号： C10G2/332 , C10G1/10 , C10G2/30 , C10G2/50 , C10G2300/805 , H02S40/38 , Y02E50/32 , Y02E60/366 , Y02P20/134 , Y02P30/20 , Y02W10/33 , Y02W10/37
摘要： Disclosed is a process for storing solar energy in organic compounds. The process comprises providing a water source and a carbon source. Water present in the water source is activated using solar energy. Activated water is reacted with the carbon source to form an organic compound comprising hydrogen and carbon. The organic compound has higher energy content than the carbon source.In a specific embodiment the organic compound is used as a fuel in an electricity-generating device, such as a fuel cell. In this embodiment the preferred organic compound is methanol.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种将太阳能储存在有机化合物中的方法。 该方法包括提供水源和碳源。 使用太阳能激活水源中的水。 活性水与碳源反应形成包含氢和碳的有机化合物。 有机化合物的能量含量高于碳源。 在具体实施方案中，有机化合物用作诸如燃料电池的发电装置中的燃料。 在该实施方案中，优选的有机化合物是甲醇。
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公开(公告)号：US08465627B2
公开(公告)日：2013-06-18
申请号：US12934006
申请日：2009-11-30
申请人： Michael Brady , Robert Bartek , Dennis Stamires , Paul O'Connor
发明人： Michael Brady , Robert Bartek , Dennis Stamires , Paul O'Connor
摘要： A method for reducing the mechanical strength of solid biomass material, in particular lignocellulosic biomass, comprises mixing the solid biomass material with an inorganic material and heating the solid biomass material mixture to a toasting temperature in the range of 105° C. to 140° C. during an exposure time of from 1 minute to 12 hours. Before or after the heat treatment, which is referred to as “toasting”, the biomass material mixture is subject to flash heating. The treatment significantly reduces the mechanical energy required for reducing the particle size of the solid biomass material and is suitable as a pretreatment prior to a conversion reaction of the solid biomass material.
摘要翻译： 降低固体生物质材料，特别是木质纤维素生物质的机械强度的方法包括将固体生物质材料与无机材料混合，并将固体生物质材料混合物加热至105℃至140℃的烘烤温度 在1分钟至12小时的曝光时间内。 在被称为“烘烤”的热处理之前或之后，生物质材料混合物经受快速加热。 该处理显着降低了降低固体生物质材料粒度所需的机械能，并且适合作为固体生物质材料的转化反应之前的预处理。
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9.发明申请公开(公告)号：US20120192481A1
公开(公告)日：2012-08-02
申请号：US13189188
申请日：2011-07-22
申请人： Paul O'Connor
发明人： Paul O'Connor
IPC分类号： C10L1/00
CPC分类号： C08L97/02 , C08K3/013 , C08L1/02 , C08L2666/02
摘要： Disclosed is a new composition of matter comprising a polymeric material of photosynthetic origin having embedded therein small particles of an inorganic material. The composition of matter is particularly suitable for use in processes whereby the polymeric material is converted to fuels in liquid or gas form, and/or to the valuable specialty chemicals. The polymeric material comprises biomass. More specifically, the polymeric material comprises cellulose and at least one of hemicellulose and lignin.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种新的组合物，其包含光合作用的聚合材料，其中嵌入有无机材料的小颗粒。 物质的组成特别适用于将聚合物材料转化成液体或气体形式的燃料和/或有价值的特种化学品的方法。 聚合物材料包括生物质。 更具体地，聚合物材料包括纤维素和半纤维素和木质素中的至少一种。
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公开(公告)号：US20120144730A1
公开(公告)日：2012-06-14
申请号：US13259233
申请日：2010-03-24
IPC分类号： C10L1/00
摘要： A process is disclosed for converting a particulate solid biomass material to a high quality bio-oil in high yield. The process comprises a pretreatment step and a pyrolysis step. The pretreatment comprises a step of at least partially demineralizing the solid biomass, and improving the accessibility of the solid biomass by opening the texture of the particles of the solid biomass. In a preferred embodiment the liquid pyrolysis product is separated into the bio-oil and an aqueous phase, and the aqueous phase is used as a solvent in the demineralization step and/or in the step of improving the accessibility of the solid biomass by opening the texture of the particles of the solid biomass.
摘要翻译： 公开了用于以高产率将颗粒状固体生物质材料转化为高质量生物油的方法。 该方法包括预处理步骤和热解步骤。 预处理包括至少部分地使固体生物质脱矿质的步骤，以及通过打开固体生物质颗粒的质地来改善固体生物质的可及性。 在优选的实施方案中，将液体热解产物分离成生物油和水相，并且在脱矿质步骤中和/或在通过打开固体生物质来提高固体生物质的可接近性的步骤中使用水相作为溶剂 固体生物质颗粒的质地。
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