公开(公告)号：US08226199B2

公开(公告)日：2012-07-24

申请号：US12243325

申请日：2008-10-01

申请人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Michael J. Piatt ,  John C. Brazas ,  Stephen F. Pond

发明人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Michael J. Piatt ,  John C. Brazas ,  Stephen F. Pond

IPC分类号： B41J29/393

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/13 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A jet break-off length measurement apparatus for a continuous liquid drop emission system is provided. The jet break-off length measurement apparatus comprises a liquid drop emitter containing a positively pressurized liquid in flow communication with at least one nozzle for emitting a continuous stream of liquid. Heater resistor apparatus is adapted to transfer pulses of thermal energy to the liquid in flow communication with the at least one nozzle sufficient to cause the break-off of the at least one continuous stream of liquid into a stream of drops of predetermined volumes. A sensing apparatus adapted to detect the stream of drops of predetermined volumes is provided. A control apparatus is adapted to determine a characteristic of the stream of drops of predetermined volumes that is related to the break-off length. Further apparatus is adapted to inductively charge at least one drop and to cause electric field deflection of charged drops. Jet stimulation apparatus comprising a plurality of transducers corresponding to the plurality of nozzles and adapted to transfer pulses of energy to the liquid sufficient to cause the break-off of the plurality of continuous streams of liquid into a plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes is also disclosed. Methods of measuring the jet break-off length using phase sensitive amplification circuitry are disclosed.

摘要翻译： 提供一种用于连续液滴发射系统的射流断裂长度测量装置。 射流断裂长度测量装置包括液滴发射器，其包含与至少一个喷嘴流动连通的正压液体，用于发射连续的液体流。 加热器电阻器装置适于将热能的脉冲传送到与至少一个喷嘴流动连通的液体，足以使至少一个连续的液体流分解成预定体积的液滴流。 提供了适于检测预定体积的液滴流的感测装置。 控制装置适于确定与断裂长度相关的预定体积的液滴流的特性。 进一步的装置适于对至少一滴进行电感充电并引起带电液滴的电场偏转。 喷射刺激装置包括对应于多个喷嘴的多个换能器并且适于将足够的能量脉冲转移到液体，以使多个连续的液体流分解成多个预定体积的液滴流， 也披露。 公开了使用相位敏感放大电路测量射流断裂长度的方法。

公开(公告)号：US07434919B2

公开(公告)日：2008-10-14

申请号：US11229454

申请日：2005-09-16

申请人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Michael J. Piatt ,  John C. Brazas ,  Stephen F. Pond

发明人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Michael J. Piatt ,  John C. Brazas ,  Stephen F. Pond

IPC分类号： B41J2/07

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/13 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A jet break-off length measurement apparatus for a continuous liquid drop emission system is provided. The jet break-off length measurement apparatus comprises a liquid drop emitter containing a positively pressurized liquid in flow communication with at least one nozzle for emitting a continuous stream of liquid. Heater resistor apparatus is adapted to transfer pulses of thermal energy to the liquid in flow communication with the at least one nozzle sufficient to cause the break-off of the at least one continuous stream of liquid into a stream of drops of predetermined volumes. A sensing apparatus adapted to detect the stream of drops of predetermined volumes is provided. A control apparatus is adapted to determine a characteristic of the stream of drops of predetermined volumes that is related to the break-off length. Further apparatus is adapted to inductively charge at least one drop and to cause electric field deflection of charged drops. Jet stimulation apparatus comprising a plurality of transducers corresponding to the plurality of nozzles and adapted to transfer pulses of energy to the liquid sufficient to cause the break-off of the plurality of continuous streams of liquid into a plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes is also disclosed. Methods of measuring the jet break-off length using phase sensitive amplification circuitry are disclosed.

摘要翻译： 提供一种用于连续液滴发射系统的射流断裂长度测量装置。 射流断裂长度测量装置包括液滴发射器，其包含与至少一个喷嘴流动连通的正压液体，用于发射连续的液体流。 加热器电阻器装置适于将热能的脉冲传送到与至少一个喷嘴流动连通的液体，足以使至少一个连续的液体流分解成预定体积的液滴流。 提供了适于检测预定体积的液滴流的感测装置。 控制装置适于确定与断裂长度相关的预定体积的液滴流的特性。 进一步的装置适于对至少一滴进行电感充电并引起带电液滴的电场偏转。 喷射刺激装置包括对应于多个喷嘴的多个换能器并且适于将足够的能量脉冲转移到液体，以使多个连续的液体流分解成多个预定体积的液滴流， 也披露。 公开了使用相位敏感放大电路测量射流断裂长度的方法。

公开(公告)号：US20090027459A1

公开(公告)日：2009-01-29

申请号：US12243325

申请日：2008-10-01

申请人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Michael J. Piatt ,  John C. Brazas ,  Stephen F. Pond

发明人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Michael J. Piatt ,  John C. Brazas ,  Stephen F. Pond

IPC分类号： B41J2/07

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/13 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A jet break-off length measurement apparatus for a continuous liquid drop emission system is provided. The jet break-off length measurement apparatus comprises a liquid drop emitter containing a positively pressurized liquid in flow communication with at least one nozzle for emitting a continuous stream of liquid. Heater resistor apparatus is adapted to transfer pulses of thermal energy to the liquid in flow communication with the at least one nozzle sufficient to cause the break-off of the at least one continuous stream of liquid into a stream of drops of predetermined volumes. A sensing apparatus adapted to detect the stream of drops of predetermined volumes is provided. A control apparatus is adapted to determine a characteristic of the stream of drops of predetermined volumes that is related to the break-off length. Further apparatus is adapted to inductively charge at least one drop and to cause electric field deflection of charged drops. Jet stimulation apparatus comprising a plurality of transducers corresponding to the plurality of nozzles and adapted to transfer pulses of energy to the liquid sufficient to cause the break-off of the plurality of continuous streams of liquid into a plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes is also disclosed. Methods of measuring the jet break-off length using phase sensitive amplification circuitry are disclosed.

摘要翻译： 提供一种用于连续液滴发射系统的射流断裂长度测量装置。 射流断裂长度测量装置包括液滴发射器，其包含与至少一个喷嘴流动连通的正压液体，用于发射连续的液体流。 加热器电阻器装置适于将热能的脉冲传送到与至少一个喷嘴流动连通的液体，足以使至少一个连续的液体流分解成预定体积的液滴流。 提供了适于检测预定体积的液滴流的感测装置。 控制装置适于确定与断裂长度相关的预定体积的液滴流的特性。 进一步的装置适于对至少一滴进行电感充电并引起带电液滴的电场偏转。 喷射刺激装置包括对应于多个喷嘴的多个换能器并且适于将足够的能量脉冲转移到液体，以使多个连续的液体流分解成多个预定体积的液滴流， 也披露。 公开了使用相位敏感放大电路测量射流断裂长度的方法。

公开(公告)号：US07401906B2

公开(公告)日：2008-07-22

申请号：US11758786

申请日：2007-06-06

申请人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  Michael J. Piatt

发明人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  Michael J. Piatt

IPC分类号： B41J2/02

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/13 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A jet break-off length control apparatus for a continuous liquid drop emission system is provided. The jet break-off length control apparatus comprises a liquid drop emitter containing a positively pressurized liquid in flow communication with at least one nozzle for emitting a continuous stream of liquid. Resistive heater apparatus is adapted to transfer pulses of thermal energy to the liquid in flow communication with the at least one nozzle sufficient to cause the break-off of the at least one continuous stream of liquid into a stream of drops of predetermined volumes. A sensing apparatus adapted to detect the stream of drops of predetermined volumes is provided. The jet break-off length control apparatus further comprises a control apparatus adapted to calculate a characteristic of the stream of drops of predetermined volumes and adapted to provide a break-off length calibration signal to the resistive heater apparatus wherein the break-off length calibration signal is determined at least by the characteristic of the stream of drops of predetermined volumes. Further apparatus is adapted to inductively charge at least one drop and to cause electric field deflection of charged drops. The present inventions are additionally configured to control break-off lengths for a plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes by determining a break-off length calibration signal that contains information specific to the plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes. Jet stimulation apparatus comprised of a plurality of thermomechanical or electromechanical transducer devices that transfer mechanical energy to the fluid are claimed. Methods of controlling the jet break-off length are also disclosed.

摘要翻译： 提供一种用于连续液滴发射系统的喷射断裂长度控制装置。 喷射断裂长度控制装置包括液滴发射器，其包含与至少一个喷嘴流动连通的正压液体，用于发射连续的液体流。 电阻式加热器装置适于将热能的脉冲传送到与至少一个喷嘴流动连通的液体，足以使至少一个连续的液体流分解成预定体积的液滴流。 提供了适于检测预定体积的液滴流的感测装置。 喷射断裂长度控制装置还包括适于计算预定体积的液滴流的特性的控制装置，并适于向电阻加热器装置提供断开长度校准信号，其中断开长度校准信号 至少由预定体积的液滴流的特性确定。 进一步的装置适于对至少一滴进行电感充电并引起带电液滴的电场偏转。 本发明还被配置为通过确定包含特定于多个预定体积的液滴流的信息的断裂长度校准信号来控制多个预定体积的液滴流的断裂长度。 要求具有将机械能传递到流体的多个热机械或机电换能器装置构成的射流刺激装置。 还公开了控制喷射断裂长度的方法。

公开(公告)号：US07249830B2

公开(公告)日：2007-07-31

申请号：US11229467

申请日：2005-09-16

申请人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  Michael J. Piatt

发明人： Gilbert A. Hawkins ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  Michael J. Piatt

IPC分类号： B41J29/393

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/13 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A jet break-off length control apparatus for a continuous liquid drop emission system is provided. The jet break-off length control apparatus comprises a liquid drop emitter containing a positively pressurized liquid in flow communication with at least one nozzle for emitting a continuous stream of liquid. Resistive heater apparatus is adapted to transfer pulses of thermal energy to the liquid in flow communication with the at least one nozzle sufficient to cause the break-off of the at least one continuous stream of liquid into a stream of drops of predetermined volumes. A sensing apparatus adapted to detect the stream of drops of predetermined volumes is provided. The jet break-off length control apparatus further comprises a control apparatus adapted to calculate a characteristic of the stream of drops of predetermined volumes and adapted to provide a break-off length calibration signal to the resistive heater apparatus wherein the break-off length calibration signal is determined at least by the characteristic of the stream of drops of predetermined volumes. Further apparatus is adapted to inductively charge at least one drop and to cause electric field deflection of charged drops. The present inventions are additionally configured to control break-off lengths for a plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes by determining a break-off length calibration signal that contains information specific to the plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes. Jet stimulation apparatus comprised of a plurality of thermomechanical or electromechanical transducer devices that transfer mechanical energy to the fluid are claimed. Methods of controlling the jet break-off length are also disclosed.

公开(公告)号：US08087740B2

公开(公告)日：2012-01-03

申请号：US12690954

申请日：2010-01-21

申请人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  James A. Katerberg ,  Randy D. Vandagriff

发明人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  James A. Katerberg ,  Randy D. Vandagriff

IPC分类号： B41J29/38 ,  B41J2/07

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/12 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A method of operating a continuous liquid drop emission apparatus includes providing a liquid drop emitter that emits a plurality of continuous streams of liquid through a plurality of nozzles. A jet stimulation apparatus transfers energy to the liquid sufficient to cause the break-off of the plurality of continuous streams of liquid at a plurality of predetermined break-off times into a plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes. Sensing apparatus measures a characteristic value for each of the plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes. Control apparatus provides a plurality of break-off time setting signals to the jet stimulation apparatus to cause the plurality of predetermined break-off times to be determined by the characteristic value of each of the plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes.

摘要翻译： 操作连续液滴发射装置的方法包括提供液滴发射器，其通过多个喷嘴发射多个连续的液体流。 射流刺激装置将能量传递到液体，足以使多个连续的液体流在多个预定的断开时间被分解成多个预定体积的液滴流。 感测装置测量预定体积的多个液滴流中的每一个的特征值。 控制装置向喷射刺激装置提供多个断开时间设定信号，以通过多个预定量的液滴流的特征值来确定多个预定的断开时间。

公开(公告)号：US20100118071A1

公开(公告)日：2010-05-13

申请号：US12690954

申请日：2010-01-21

申请人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  James A. Katerberg ,  Randy D. Vandagciff

发明人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  James A. Katerberg ,  Randy D. Vandagciff

IPC分类号： B41J29/38 ,  B41J2/07

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/12 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A continuous liquid drop emission apparatus is disclosed comprising a liquid drop emitter containing a positively pressurized liquid in flow communication with a plurality of nozzles formed in a common nozzle member for emitting a plurality of continuous streams of liquid. A jet stimulation apparatus is provided comprising a plurality of transducers corresponding to the plurality of nozzles and adapted to transfer energy to the liquid in corresponding flow communication with the plurality of nozzles sufficient to cause the break-off of the plurality of continuous streams of liquid at a plurality of predetermined break-off times into a plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes. Sensing apparatus is provided adapted to measure a characteristic value for each of the plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes; and control apparatus is adapted to provide a plurality of break-off time setting signals to the jet stimulation apparatus to cause the plurality of predetermined break-off times determined, at least, by the characteristic value of each of the plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes. Alternately, a sensing apparatus is used in an off-line calibration set-up and characteristic values are measured for the plurality of streams and stored in a stream memory that is included in the continuous liquid drop apparatus. The present inventions are also configured to provide a plurality of the break-off times for a plurality of liquid streams in a continuous liquid drop emission apparatus that is further adapted to inductively charge at least one drop in a each of a plurality of streams and having electric field deflection apparatus adapted to generate a Coulomb force on an inductively charged drop. Methods of operating a continuous liquid drop emission apparatus utilizing a plurality of predetermined break-off times are disclosed.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种连续的液滴发射装置，其包括液滴发射器，其包含与形成在公共喷嘴构件中的多个喷嘴流动连通的正压液体，用于发射多个连续的液体流。 提供了一种喷射刺激装置，其包括对应于多个喷嘴的多个换能器，并且适于将能量转移到与多个喷嘴相应的流动连通的液体，足以引起多个连续的液体流的断裂 将多个预定的断开时间转换成多个预定体积的液滴流。 提供感测装置，其适于测量多个预定体积的液滴流中的每一个的特征值; 并且控制装置适于向喷气刺激装置提供多个断开时间设置信号，以使得至少由多个液滴流中的每一个的特征值确定多个预定的断开时间 预定量。 或者，在离线校准设置中使用感测装置，并且对多个流测量特征值并存储在包括在连续液滴装置中的流存储器中。 本发明还被配置为在连续液滴发射装置中为多个液体流提供多个断开时间，其进一步适于对多个流中的每一个流中的至少一个液滴进行感应充电并具有 适于在感应充电的液滴上产生库仑力的电场偏转装置。 公开了利用多个预定断开时间来操作连续液滴发射装置的方法。

公开(公告)号：US07673976B2

公开(公告)日：2010-03-09

申请号：US11229261

申请日：2005-09-16

申请人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  James A. Katerberg ,  Randy D. Vandagriff

发明人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond ,  James A. Katerberg ,  Randy D. Vandagriff

IPC分类号： B41J2/07

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/12 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A continuous liquid drop emission apparatus is disclosed comprising a liquid drop emitter containing a positively pressurized liquid in flow communication with a plurality of nozzles formed in a common nozzle member for emitting a plurality of continuous streams of liquid. A jet stimulation apparatus is provided comprising a plurality of transducers corresponding to the plurality of nozzles and adapted to transfer energy to the liquid in corresponding flow communication with the plurality of nozzles sufficient to cause the break-off of the plurality of continuous streams of liquid at a plurality of predetermined break-off times into a plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes. Sensing apparatus is provided adapted to measure a characteristic value for each of the plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes; and control apparatus is adapted to provide a plurality of break-off time setting signals to the jet stimulation apparatus to cause the plurality of predetermined break-off times determined, at least, by the characteristic value of each of the plurality of streams of drops of predetermined volumes. Alternately, a sensing apparatus is used in an off-line calibration set-up and characteristic values are measured for the plurality of streams and stored in a stream memory that is included in the continuous liquid drop apparatus. The present inventions are also configured to provide a plurality of the break-off times for a plurality of liquid streams in a continuous liquid drop emission apparatus that is further adapted to inductively charge at least one drop in a each of a plurality of streams and having electric field deflection apparatus adapted to generate a Coulomb force on an inductively charged drop. Methods of operating a continuous liquid drop emission apparatus utilizing a plurality of predetermined break-off times are disclosed.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种连续的液滴发射装置，其包括液滴发射器，其包含与形成在公共喷嘴构件中的多个喷嘴流动连通的正压液体，用于发射多个连续的液体流。 提供了一种喷射刺激装置，其包括对应于多个喷嘴的多个换能器，并且适于将能量转移到与多个喷嘴相应的流动连通的液体，足以引起多个连续的液体流的断裂 将多个预定的断开时间转换成多个预定体积的液滴流。 提供感测装置，其适于测量多个预定体积的液滴流中的每一个的特征值; 并且控制装置适于向喷气刺激装置提供多个断开时间设置信号，以使得至少由多个液滴流中的每一个的特征值确定多个预定的断开时间 预定量。 或者，在离线校准设置中使用感测装置，并且对多个流测量特征值并存储在包括在连续液滴装置中的流存储器中。 本发明还被配置为在连续液滴发射装置中为多个液体流提供多个断开时间，其进一步适于对多个流中的每一个流中的至少一个液滴进行感应充电并具有 适于在感应充电的液滴上产生库仑力的电场偏转装置。 公开了利用多个预定断开时间来操作连续液滴发射装置的方法。

公开(公告)号：US20080122900A1

公开(公告)日：2008-05-29

申请号：US12024136

申请日：2008-02-01

申请人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond

发明人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond

IPC分类号： B41J2/02

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/12 ,  B41J2202/13 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A continuous liquid drop emission apparatus is provided. The liquid drop emission apparatus is comprised of a liquid chamber containing a positively pressurized liquid in flow communication with at least one nozzle for emitting a continuous stream of liquid and a jet stimulation apparatus adapted to transfer pulses of energy to the liquid in flow communication with the at least one nozzle sufficient to cause the break-off of the at least one continuous stream of liquid into a stream of drops of predetermined volumes. The continuous liquid drop emission apparatus further comprises a semiconductor substrate including integrated circuitry formed therein for performing and controlling a plurality of actions on the drops of predetermined volumes. The plurality of actions may include drop charging, drop sensing, drop deflection and drop capturing. Drop action apparatus adapted to perform these functions and integrated circuitry to control the drop action apparatus are formed in the semiconductor substrate. Jet stimulation apparatus comprised of a plurality of transducers including resistive heaters, electromechanical vibrators or thermomechanical vibrators, together with integrated control circuitry, may also be integrated on the semiconductor substrate. Silicon is a preferred material for the semiconductor substrate and CMOS and NMOS designs and fabrication processes are preferred for the integrated circuitry.

摘要翻译： 提供连续液滴发射装置。 液滴发射装置包括液体室，该液体室含有与至少一个用于发射连续液体流的喷嘴流动连通的正压液体，以及喷射刺激装置，其适于将能量脉冲转移到与液体流动连通的液体 至少一个喷嘴，其足以使所述至少一个连续的液体流分解成预定体积的液滴流。 连续液滴发射装置还包括半导体衬底，其包括形成在其中的集成电路，用于执行和控制对预定体积的液滴的多个动作。 多个动作可以包括液滴充电，液滴感测，液滴偏转和液滴捕获。 在半导体衬底中形成适于执行这些功能的放置动作装置和集成电路来控制液滴动作装置。 包括电阻加热器，机电振动器或热机械振动器的多个换能器以及集成控制电路的射流刺激装置也可以集成在半导体衬底上。 硅是半导体衬底的优选材料，并且CMOS和NMOS设计和制造工艺对于集成电路是优选的。

公开(公告)号：US07364276B2

公开(公告)日：2008-04-29

申请号：US11229263

申请日：2005-09-16

申请人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond

发明人： Michael J. Piatt ,  Stephen F. Pond

IPC分类号： B41J2/07

CPC分类号： B41J2/03 ,  B41J2002/022 ,  B41J2002/033 ,  B41J2202/12 ,  B41J2202/13 ,  B41J2202/16

摘要： A continuous liquid drop emission apparatus is provided. The liquid drop emission apparatus is comprised of a liquid chamber containing a positively pressurized liquid in flow communication with at least one nozzle for emitting a continuous stream of liquid and a jet stimulation apparatus adapted to transfer pulses of energy to the liquid in flow communication with the at least one nozzle sufficient to cause the break-off of the at least one continuous stream of liquid into a stream of drops of predetermined volumes. The continuous liquid drop emission apparatus further comprises a semiconductor substrate including integrated circuitry formed therein for performing and controlling a plurality of actions on the drops of predetermined volumes. The plurality of actions may include drop charging, drop sensing, drop deflection and drop capturing. Drop action apparatus adapted to perform these functions and integrated circuitry to control the drop action apparatus are formed in the semiconductor substrate. Jet stimulation apparatus comprised of a plurality of transducers including resistive heaters, electromechanical vibrators or thermomechanical vibrators, together with integrated control circuitry, may also be integrated on the semiconductor substrate. Silicon is a preferred material for the semiconductor substrate and CMOS and NMOS designs and fabrication processes are preferred for the integrated circuitry.

摘要翻译： 提供连续液滴发射装置。 液滴发射装置包括液体室，该液体室含有与至少一个用于发射连续液体流的喷嘴流动连通的正压液体，以及喷射刺激装置，其适于将能量脉冲转移到与液体流动连通的液体 至少一个喷嘴，其足以使所述至少一个连续的液体流分解成预定体积的液滴流。 连续液滴发射装置还包括半导体衬底，其包括形成在其中的集成电路，用于执行和控制对预定体积的液滴的多个动作。 多个动作可以包括液滴充电，液滴感测，液滴偏转和液滴捕获。 在半导体衬底中形成适于执行这些功能的放置动作装置和集成电路来控制液滴动作装置。 包括电阻加热器，机电振动器或热机械振动器的多个换能器以及集成控制电路的射流刺激装置也可以集成在半导体衬底上。 硅是半导体衬底的优选材料，并且CMOS和NMOS设计和制造工艺对于集成电路是优选的。