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公开(公告)号：US5192411A
公开(公告)日：1993-03-09
申请号：US638839
申请日：1991-01-08
申请人： Hans-Karl W. vom Baur, deceased , Steffen Dapperheld , Klaus Kretschmann , Werner Lindner , Rudolf Rossmeissl , Hans Milluwe , Gerhard Ullmann
发明人： Hans-Karl W. vom Baur, deceased , Steffen Dapperheld , Klaus Kretschmann , Werner Lindner , Rudolf Rossmeissl , Hans Milluwe , Gerhard Ullmann
CPC分类号： C25B9/20 , C25B11/03 , H01M4/8626 , H01M8/246
摘要： In the electrode in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped composed of impregnated graphite material for electrochemical reactors, the electrode (4,5) is provided with openings (8,9,10,11) extending perpendicular to its active electrode surfaces (6,7) at its corners. Canals (12,13) which extend parallel to the active electrode surfaces (6,7) in the direction of an adjacent opening (9,10) originates in each case from two openings (8,10) situated diagonally opposite each other. The canals (12,13) have communicating channels (14,15) to the active electrode surfaces (6,7).
摘要翻译： 在由用于电化学反应器的浸渍石墨材料组成的长方体形式的电极中，电极（4,5）设置有垂直于其有效电极表面（6,7）延伸的开口（8,9,10,11） ）在它的角落。 沿着相邻开口（9,10）的方向平行于有源电极表面（6,7）延伸的通道（12,13）在每种情况下源于彼此对角相对定位的两个开口（8,10）。 运河（12,13）具有到活性电极表面（6,7）的连通通道（14,15）。
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2.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US5362367A
公开(公告)日：1994-11-08
申请号：US139337
申请日：1993-10-19
CPC分类号： C25B3/04
摘要： Trichloroacetic and dichloroacetic acid are dehalogenated to give monochloroacetic acid by electrolyzing aqueous solutions of these acids in divided electrolysis cells using carbon cathodes; the aqueous electrolytic solutions also contain one or more metal salts having a hydrogen overvoltage of at least 0.4 volt (at a current density of at least 4000 A/m.sup.2) and specific ammonium and/or phosphonium salts.In this process, there is an extremely small evolution of hydrogen at the cathode, even at a very low concentration of the polychlorinated acetic acid, without the high selectivity of conversion of the electrolysis being impaired in continuous operation.
摘要翻译： 三氯乙酸和二氯乙酸脱卤，通过使用碳阴极电解这些酸的分解电解槽中的水溶液得到一氯乙酸; 含水电解液还含有一种或多种具有至少0.4伏的氢过电压（至少4000A / m 2的电流密度）和特定的铵盐和/或鏻盐的金属盐。 在这个过程中，即使在非常低浓度的多氯乙酸下，阴极也有非常小的氢气演变，而连续操作中电解转化的高选择性受到损害。
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公开(公告)号：US4950367A
公开(公告)日：1990-08-21
申请号：US302440
申请日：1989-01-26
IPC分类号： C25B3/04
CPC分类号： C25B3/04
摘要： A process for the preparation of fluoromalonic acid and derivatives thereof having the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are equal or different and represent hydroxyl, the group OX, wherein X represents an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or NH.sub.4.sup.+ ion or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl group, or represent the group NR.sup.4 R.sup.5, wherein R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are equal or different and are hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, which comprises subjecting a compound of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 is halogen of an atomic weight in the range from 35 to 127 and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 have the meaning indicated above, to an electrolysis in an electrolyte liquid consisting of water, an organic solvent or a mixture thereof, at a temperature in the range of from - 20.degree. C. to the boiling temperature of the electrolyte, at a current density in the range of from 1 to 600 mA/cm.sup.2 at a cathode consisting of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, tin, zirconium, mercury, alloys of at least 2 of these metals or of carbon.
摘要翻译： 制备具有式（II）的氟马来酸及其衍生物的方法，其中R 2和R 3相同或不同，表示羟基，OX基团，其中X表示碱金属，碱土金属或NH 4 +离子或 C 1 -C 12 - 烷基或代表NR 4 R 5基团，其中R 4和R 5相同或不同并且是氢或1至12个碳原子的烃基，其包括使下式化合物（I） 其中R1为原子量为35〜127的卤素，R2和R3具有上述含义，在由水，有机溶剂或其混合物构成的电解质液体中的电解温度范围内 在由铅，镉，锌，铜，锡，锆，汞，合金组成的阴极的电流密度为1至600mA / cm 2的电流密度为-20℃至电解质的沸点 的至少2种这些金属或碳。
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4.发明授权Electrochemical process for the replacement of halogen atoms in an organic compound 失效用于替代有机化合物中的卤素原子的电化学方法
公开(公告)号：US4800012A
公开(公告)日：1989-01-24
申请号：US155767
申请日：1988-02-16
IPC分类号： C25B3/04
CPC分类号： C25B3/04
摘要： The existing processes for the preparation of halogenoacrylic acids and deuterated derivatives thereof have to be carried out using chemicals which are in some cases very toxic or very expensive.Electrochemical reduction, however, makes it possible to eliminate one or more halogen atoms selectively from halogenoacrylic and halogenomethacrylic acids and derivatives thereof, and to replace these by hydrogen or deuterium atoms.This is effected by electrolyzing the acids or derivatives thereof in a solution containing water or deuterium oxide at a temperature from -10.degree. C. up to the boiling point of the electrolysis liquid.
摘要翻译： 用于制备卤代丙烯酸和氘代衍生物的现有方法必须使用在某些情况下是非常有毒或非常昂贵的化学品来进行。 然而，电化学还原使得可以从卤代丙烯酸和卤代甲基丙烯酸及其衍生物中选择性地除去一个或多个卤素原子，并且由氢或氘原子代替这些。 这是通过在-10℃至电解液的沸点的温度下将含有水或氧化氘的溶液中的酸或其衍生物进行电解而实现的。
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公开(公告)号：US5026460A
公开(公告)日：1991-06-25
申请号：US324572
申请日：1989-03-16
申请人： Steffen Dapperheld
发明人： Steffen Dapperheld
CPC分类号： C25B3/04
摘要： Process for the preparation of unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbons of the formula R.sup.1 --CR.sup.2 .dbd.CR.sup.2 --R.sup.2 in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another are hydrogen, chlorine or fluorine, R.sup.2 is also --C(R.sup.1).sub.2 --R.sup.3 or the grouping [C(R.sup.1).sub.2 ].sub.m --C(R.sup.1).sub.2 represents two of the radicals R.sup.2, by electrolysis in the presence of certain onium compounds and metal salts, the electrolysis cells being divided or undivided. The process can be carried out continuously or discontinuously under atmospheric pressure or under an elevated pressure up to 10 bar and at temperatures from -40.degree. C. up to the boiling point of the electrolyte; the current density is in the range from 1 to 600 mA/cm.sup.2. The cathode is generally composed of carbon material. The products obtained are suitable for use as starting materials for the preparation of polymers containing fluorine.
摘要翻译： 制备式R1-CR2 = CR2-R2的不饱和卤代烃的方法，其中R 1和R 2彼此独立地是氢，氯或氟，R 2也是-C（R 1）2 -R 3或分组[C （R1）2] mC（R1）2表示两个基团R2，通过在某些鎓化合物和金属盐的存在下电解，电解细胞是分开的或不分开的。 该方法可以在大气压下或在高达10巴的升高的压力下和在-40℃的温度直到电解质的沸点下连续或不连续地进行。 电流密度在1至600mA / cm 2的范围内。 阴极通常由碳材料构成。 所得产品适用于制备含氟聚合物的起始原料。
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公开(公告)号：US4707226A
公开(公告)日：1987-11-17
申请号：US21991
申请日：1987-03-05
申请人： Steffen Dapperheld
发明人： Steffen Dapperheld
CPC分类号： C25B3/04
摘要： Chloroacetic and bromoacetic acids are dehalogenated by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of these acids using carbon cathodes and anodes likewise of carbon or of other conventional electrode materials in undivided or in divided electrolysis cells; the aqueous electrolysis solutions in the undivided cells and in the cathode area of the divided cells contain, in dissolved form, one or more salts of metals having a hydrogen excess-voltage of at least 0.4 V (at a current density of 4,000 A/m.sup.2). Metals having a hydrogen excess-voltage of at least 0.4 V (at a current density of 4,000 A/m.sup.2) are, for example, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Sn, Pb, Ti, Zr, Bi, V, Ta, Cr and Ni.The process allows high current densities (up to about 8,000 A/m.sup.2) to be used without or virtually without corrosion of the electrodes and without deposit formation on the electrodes.
摘要翻译： 使用碳阴极和阳极同样为碳或其他常规电极材料在不分裂或分开的电解槽中电解这些酸的水溶液，氯乙酸和溴乙酸被脱卤; 在分开的细胞的未分割细胞和阴极区域中的电解水溶液含有溶解形式的一种或多种具有至少0.4V的氢过电压的金属盐（电流密度为4000A / m 2 ）。 具有至少0.4V（电流密度为4000A / m 2）的氢过电压的金属例如是Cu，Ag，Au，Zn，Cd，Hg，Sn，Pb，Ti，Zr，Bi， V，Ta，Cr和Ni。 该方法允许使用高电流密度（高达约8,000A / m 2），而不用或实际上没有电极的腐蚀，并且在电极上不形成沉积物。
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公开(公告)号：US5474658A
公开(公告)日：1995-12-12
申请号：US290951
申请日：1994-10-24
IPC分类号： C25B3/04
CPC分类号： C25B3/04
摘要： The present invention describes a process for preparing glyoxylic acid by electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid in aqueous solution in divided or undivided electrolytic cells, wherein the cathode comprises carbon or at least 50% by weight of at least one of the metals Cu, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Al, Sn and Cr and the aqueous electrolysis solution in the undivided cells or in the cathode compartment of the divided cells in addition contains at least one salt of metals having a hydrogen overpotential of at least 0.25 V, based on a current density of 2500 A/m.sup.2. The process according to the invention has the advantage that inexpensive materials available on an industrial scale, in particular stainless chromium-nickel steels or graphite can be employed as the cathode material.
摘要翻译： PCT No.PCT / EP93 / 00232 Sec。 371日期：1994年10月24日 102（e）日期1994年10月24日PCT提交1993年2月2日PCT公布。 WO93 / 17151 PCT出版物 日本1993年9月2日。本发明描述了一种通过在分开或不分开的电解池中的水溶液中电解还原草酸来制备乙醛酸的方法，其中阴极包含碳或至少50重量％ 金属Cu，Ti，Zr，V，Nb，Ta，Fe，Co，Ni，Zn，Al，Sn和Cr以及分开的电池中或阴极室中的电解水溶液至少含有 基于2500A / m 2的电流密度，具有至少0.25V的氢超电势的金属盐。 根据本发明的方法的优点在于，可以使用工业规模可用的廉价材料，特别是不锈铬镍钢或石墨作为阴极材料。
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公开(公告)号：US5374737A
公开(公告)日：1994-12-20
申请号：US153782
申请日：1993-11-16
申请人： Steffen Dapperheld , Heinrich Volk , Karl Peter
发明人： Steffen Dapperheld , Heinrich Volk , Karl Peter
IPC分类号： C07D277/82
CPC分类号： C07D277/82
摘要： A process for the preparation of a 2-aminobenzothiazol of the formula ( I ) ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently of each other are hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, trifluoromethyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy or nitro groups, by conversion of an arylthiourea of the formula (II) in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 have the meaning mentioned, which comprises carrying out the conversion in 99 to 100% strength of sulfuric acid with continuous addition of catalytic amounts of bromine, hydrogen bromide or bromide in the form of aqueous solutions and using an arylthiourea of the formula (II) which contains 1 to 35% water.
摘要翻译： 制备式（I）的二氨基苯并噻唑的方法其中R 1和R 2彼此独立地为氢，氟，氯，溴或碘，三氟甲基或C 1 -C 4烷基， C 1 -C 4 - 烷氧基或硝基，通过转化其中R 1和R 2具有上述含义的式（II）的芳硫基脲，其中包括在99至100％的硫酸强度下进行转化 酸，并以水溶液的形式连续加入催化量的溴，溴化氢或溴化物，并使用含有1至35％水的式（II）的芳硫脲。
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9.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US5114546A
公开(公告)日：1992-05-19
申请号：US777488
申请日：1991-10-15
CPC分类号： C25B3/04
摘要： In the preparation processes known hitherto for haloacrylic acids and deuterated derivatives thereof, it is necessary to use chemicals, some of which are very toxic or very expensive.However, fluoroacrylic acids are successively prepared from halogenated fluoropropionic acids and derivatives thereof by electrochemical elimination of halogen atoms.For this purpose, the acids or derivatives thereof are electrolyzed in a water-containing solution at a temperature from -10.degree. C. to the boiling point of the electrolysis liquid.
摘要翻译： 在迄今为止已知的卤代丙烯酸及其氘代衍生物的制备方法中，需要使用化学品，其中一些是非常有毒的或非常昂贵的。 然而，氟代丙烯酸由卤代氟代丙酸及其衍生物通过电化学消除卤素原子而相继制备。 为此，酸或其衍生物在含水溶液中在-10℃至电解液的沸点下电解。
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公开(公告)号：US5100520A
公开(公告)日：1992-03-31
申请号：US474145
申请日：1990-02-02
IPC分类号： C25B3/00 , C07D333/08 , C07D333/10 , C07D333/28 , C25B3/04
CPC分类号： C07D333/10 , C07D333/08 , C07D333/28 , C25B3/04
摘要： Selectively dehalogenated thiophene derivatives are obtained from compounds of the formula II ##STR1## by an electrochemical reaction in a divided electrolysis cell in the presence of a suitable solvent, an onium compound or a compound which is converted into an onium compound in the electrolyte, and a conducting salt. Thiophene derivatives are important intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals and plant protection agents.
摘要翻译： 选择性脱卤噻吩衍生物通过在分解电解槽中的电化学反应在合适的溶剂，鎓化合物或在其中转化为鎓化合物的化合物的存在下，通过电化学反应从式II（II）的化合物获得 电解质和导电盐。 噻吩衍生物是药物和植物保护剂生产中的重要中间体。
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