摘要:
Selectively dehalogenated thiophene derivatives are obtained from compounds of the formula II ##STR1## by an electrochemical reaction in a divided electrolysis cell in the presence of a suitable solvent, an onium compound or a compound which is converted into an onium compound in the electrolyte, and a conducting salt. Thiophene derivatives are important intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals and plant protection agents.
摘要:
An ultrasound apparatus has a transducer array which includes a number of individual transducer, each transducer having a channel exclusively associated therewith. In an input stage for the ultrasound apparatus, an analog stage is provided in each channel to which the echo signals for a transducer associated with that channel are supplied. This analog stage concludes with an analog-to-digital converter in each channel. The output of the analog-to-digital converter is connected to a further processing circuit in each channel for the acquisition of Doppler signals of moving target echoes. A combined ultrasound imaging device and Doppler device is thus achieved, which allows the acquisition of Doppler signals with the digital input technology of the ultrasound imaging processing circuit. This permits expansion of digital operating RF input components of imaging devices to include Doppler signal processing.
摘要:
Ferroelectric liquid-crystal display of high contrast and brightness. The use of alignment layers containing compounds having an amphiphilicity-providing effect increases the contrast and brightness of the image in FLC displays.
摘要:
The invention relates to intrinsically electrically conductive polymers, preferably oligomers, which, in the oxidized form, are completely soluble in dipolar aprotic solvents at room temperature and which contain structural units which are derived from at least one monomer of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 -alkoxy group or --O(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.n CH.sub.3 with n=1 to 4 and R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl group, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkoxy group or --O(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.n CH.sub.3 with n=1 to 4, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together are --O(CH.sub.2).sub.m --CH.sub.2 or --O(CH.sub.2).sub.m --O-- with m=1 to 12. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of these polymers by electrochemical polymerization of at least one monomer of this formula (I) in the presence of a conductive salt, the anode having a specific surface area of at least 0.01 m.sup.2 /g and preferably a gauze, sponge, fabric or felt structure, the electrolyte solvent being dipolar and aprotic and the electrolyte system being moved only slightly or not at all relative to the anode. The polymers according to the invention can readily be used especially for coating purposes.
摘要:
Thiophene ethers having relatively large side chains can be easily obtained by reacting 2-, 3-, 2,3-, 2,4- or 3,4-C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkoxythiophenes in the presence of an acid catalyst with a compound containing an OH group. The novel thiophene ethers are suitable as monomers for electrically conducting polymers.
摘要:
Cyanoformamide is prepared when cyanogen is contacted with a catalyst solution containing low molecular aliphatic carboxylic acids, from 0.025 to 1.0 mole/1 of copper-(II)-salts and up to 5% by weight of water. Hydrogen cyanide can be used instead of cyanogen, if the catalyst solution contains nitrate ions in addition.
摘要:
Cyanogen is produced by catalytic oxidation of hydrogen cyanide with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst solution. The catalyst solution consists of aliphatic ethers or of nitriles and copper(II)nitrate and may further contain up to 20 % by weight of water.
摘要:
By contacting hydrogen cyanide with oxygen or air and a catalyst solution containing water, low molecular weight aliphatic carboxylic acids, copper ions and nitrate ions oxalic acid diamide is formed in high yields.