Abstract:
It may be necessary to eliminate soot from combustion engine emissions in order to comply with regulatory requirements. It may be desirable to avoid the need for a separate aftertreatment apparatus in order to eliminate soot from combustion engine emissions.A compression ignition engine may be configured to result in combustion having a peak value of equivalence ratio of less than 4.0 at the lift off length of the flame. This may result in particulate emissions of fewer than 1012 particles per kWh.