Abstract:
A composition including a coated nanoparticle including a nanoparticle and a cross-linked carbohydrate-based coating and an ion selected from the group consisting of Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , Be2 + , Mg2 + , Ca2 + , Sr2 + , Ba2 + , and mixtures thereof; methods of making and using the composition; and systems including the composition.