Abstract:
Objects, such as molecules, macormolecules, nanoparticles, cells and organelles are immobilised to a surface by covalent bonds and in a site-specific manner using an external source of energy, acting on the surface in the presence of said objects, when said surface and said objects have been chemically derivatised to present groups capable of forming reactive moieties when subjected to said source of energy. The exact location of the immobilisation is determined either by exposing the surface to said source of energy in a highly localised manner, or by creating site-specific defects or a pattern, to which groups capable of forming reactive moieties when subjected to said source of energy are first arranged. Said pattern may be in the form of electrodes, arranged on the surface.