Abstract:
A method and an arrangement for determining values of impedance parameters related to a transformer configuration comprising three single pole voltage transformers (11, 12, 13) each having at least a primary winding (21, 22, 23), a secondary winding (41, 42, 43) and a tertiary winding (31, 32, 33), wherein the primary windings are connected to phases (PA, PB, PC) of a three phase electric system, wherein the arrangement comprises means for conducting an earth fault in the three phase electric system; means for measuring a primary voltage from the faulted phase; means for measuring secondary voltages from the secondary windings (41, 42, 43); and means for determining values of one or more impedance parameters related to the transformer configuration on the basis of the measured primary voltage, the measured secondary voltages and an equation relating the primary voltage to the secondary voltages and the one or more impedance parameters.
Abstract:
A method and system for determining estimate values for phase-to- earth admittances of a three-phase electric line of an electric power system, the system being arranged to monitor voltage and current values of the sys- tern, determine a sum of phase-to-earth admittances of the electric line (F1, F2, F3) after a phase-to-earth fault has occurred in the electric power system outside the electric line, determine an unsymmetrical part and a symmetrical part of the sum of phase-to-earth admittances of the electric line (F1, F2, F3), and determine phase-to-earth admittances of the three-phase electric line (F1, F2, F3) on the basis of the symmetrical part and unsymmetrical part of the sum of phase admittances of the electric line.
Abstract:
A method and an apparatus for differential protection of a three phase electric connection of an electric system, the apparatus comprising: means (10A, 10B) for determining a value of an operate quantity, which operate quantity is based on a difference between current quantities at a first point and a second point of the electric connection (20), and means (10A, 10B) for detecting a fault in the electric connection (20) between the first point and the second point if the value of the operate quantity exceeds a value of a predetermined threshold quantity, wherein the operate quantity is based on a difference of residual currents at the first point and the second point, or a quantity indicative thereof, and a coefficient indicative of an angle between a residual voltage of the electric connection (20) and the difference of residual currents at the first point and the second point.
Abstract:
A method and an apparatus for detecting a phase-to-earth fault on a three-phase electric line (30) of an electric network, the apparatus comprising means for determining a neutral admittance, or a quantity indicative thereof, on the basis of a ratio between a difference between zero sequence currents on the three-phase electric line and a difference between zero sequence voltages in the electric network before an earth fault and during the earth fault; and means for comparing the determined neutral admittance, or the quantity indicative thereof, to a predetermined operation characteristic to detect a phase-to-earth fault on the three-phase electric line, wherein the predetermined operation characteristic, when presented on an admittance plane, defines a closed area such that the centre of the closed area is offset from the origin of the admittance plane towards a negative susceptance direction and/or towards a negative conductance direction.
Abstract:
Method and apparatus for detecting an earth fault on a three-phase electric line of an electric network, the apparatus comprising means (70) for determining a value of a neutral admittance of the three-phase electric line (30) and means (70) for detecting the earth fault on the three-phase electric line (30) on the basis of the determined value of the neutral admittance and one or more predetermined parameter values, wherein the means (70) for detecting the fault on the three-phase electric line (30) comprise means for converting the determined value of the neutral admittance from a neutral admittance domain into a residual current domain, means for comparing in the residual current domain the converted value of the neutral admittance with the one or more predetermined parameter values and means for detecting the earth fault on the basis of the comparison.
Abstract:
Method and apparatus for determining a distance to a phase-to-earth fault on a three-phase electric line of an electric network, the apparatus comprising means (40) for determining,during a phase-to-earth fault (F)on the three-phase electric line (30), values of a residual voltage of the electric network and a zero-sequence current of the electric line at a measuring point (40) when a neutral to earth admittance of the electric network outside the electric line has a first value and when the neutral to earth admittance of the electric network outside the electric line has a second value different from the first value; and means (40) for determining the distance to the phase-to-earth fault (F) from the measuring point (40) on the basis of the determined residual voltage and zero-sequence current values.
Abstract:
A method and an arrangement for voltage measurement with a transformer configuration comprising three single pole voltage transformers (11, 12, 13) having tertiary windings open-delta connected with each other, the arrangement comprising means arranged to apply a correction to measured secondary voltages on the basis of one or more parameters of the voltage transformers (11, 12, 13) and/or one or more quantities in a known relation to one or more parameters of the voltage transformers, one or more parameters of a circuit connected to the secondary windings (41, 42, 43) and/or one or more quantities in a known relation to one or more parameters of the circuit connected to the secondary windings, and one or more parameters of a circuit connected to the tertiary windings (31, 32, 33) and/or one or more quantities in a known relation to one or more parameters of the circuit connected to the tertiary windings.
Abstract:
A method and a system for determining a circular characteristic for distance protection of a three-phase electric line (30), the system comprising means for detecting a fault (F) on the electric line (30), means for identifying a faulted phase or phases of the electric line, means for determining, at a measuring point, a first fault loop impedance by using voltage(s) of the faulted phase(s), a second fault loop impedance by using a polarization voltage and a third fault loop impedance by using predetermined line parameters, and means for determining a radius and midpoint of the circular characteristic.