The invention discloses a heat treatment method of a wheel rim surface of the train wheel with high carbon steel. The method is carried out as follows: during the cooling process, the wheel tread of train wheel is firstly cooled by spraying water with small flow in short time, then large flow in long time. The invention also discloses a heat treatment device of using the method. An water feed tubular tube comprises a water feed tubular tube with large flow and a water feed tubular tube with small flow, the water feed tubular tube with large flow is communicated with a plurality of nozzles with large flow, and the water feed tubular tube with small flow is communicated with a plurality of nozzles with small flow. Adopting the technical proposal can improve the contacting fatigue resistance of train wheel, reduces the tread spalling of train wheel; obtains the appropriate geometric matching relation between wheels and rails as soon as possible, increases the contact area, decreases the contact stress level; promotes the wear resistance of the internal part of wheel rim, thereby promoting the service life of wheel; can not increase the operation difficulty of the heat treatment and cooling technology of wheels.