A photovoltaic device and a process for producing the photovoltaic device that combine a high photovoltaic conversion efficiency with a high level of productivity. The photovoltaic device includes at least a transparent electrode-bearing substrate, prepared by providing a transparent electrode layer 2 on a transparent, electrically insulating substrate 1, and a photovoltaic layer 92 containing mainly crystalline silicon-based semiconductors and a back electrode layer 4 formed sequentially on the transparent electrode layer 2 of the transparent electrode-bearing substrate, wherein the surface of the transparent electrode layer 2 of the transparent electrode-bearing substrate has a shape that contains a mixture of coarse and fine roughness, and exhibits a spectral haze ratio of 20% or greater for wavelengths of from 550 nm to 800 nm, and the photovoltaic layer containing mainly crystalline silicon-based semiconductors has a film thickness of from 1.2 [mu]m to 2 [mu]m, and a Raman ratio of from 3.0 to 8.0.