The invention discloses a test simulation system for rail structures of high-speed railways and a urban railway system. The system is based on a finite element theory to establish models of rail structures and various components, and highly simulates indoor test and field test conditions; and the system simulates conditions of key components of a rail and whole rail structures such as stress and deformation under various loading conditions by replacing and combining different types of components, and arranges and analyzes obtained simulation test data to generate vivid animation for demonstration. The system solves the problems existing in actual tests that test equipment and test components have high manufacturing cost, the test process is relatively complicated and tedious and is susceptible to external environment, huge test expense and human capital investment are needed and the like by constructing a friendly human-computer interaction platform to simulate indoor tests and field tests of the rail structures and the components. The simulation system can provide an economical, quick and vivid simulation test and demonstration platform for related scientific research and teaching of the high-speed railways and the urban railway system.