The invention relates to a method for producing a high-octane gasoline component, which comprises steps as follows: a raw material containing rich C4, C5 and C6 alkanes and hydrogen are mixed to enter a dehydrogenation reactor to perform alkane dehydrogenation reaction; the dehydrogenation product passes through an incondensable gas separation device to separate out incondensable gas, and is mixed with the raw material containing rich alkenes and hydrogen to enter an aromatization reactor to perform aromatization; the reaction product is separated into dry gas, C3 alkanes, C4, C5 and C6 alkanes, a gasoline component and a diesel component; and the C4, C5 and C6 alkanes are circulated to the dehydrogenation reactor to participate in catalytic dehydrogenation reaction. The invention can greatly reduce the C1-C4 low-carbon hydrocarbon generation quantity, and enhance the gasoline yield. The produced gasoline component has low alkane content, high nonbenzenoid aromatic content and high octane number, and conforms to the present environmental requirements; and the diesel component can be directly used.