The invention relates to the field of detection and analysis, and in particular relates to a method for marking and distinguishing oil products and detecting the quality of the oil products by using nucleic acid sequence information in the oil products. According to the method, a marker is obtained by measuring at least part of sequence information of at least part of nucleic acid molecules and fragments and marking the oil products on the basis of the sequence information. The oil products are marked and distinguished and the quality of the oil products is detected on the basis of the marker. The method is high in sensitivity and strong in practicability and can realize a high flux.