The invention relates to a carbon fiber compound nano copper cobalt alloy catalyst for low-carbon alcohol synthesis and a preparation method of the catalyst. A hydrotalcite-like/carbon fiber precursor is prepared by virtue of a coprecipitation method and the precursor is reduced to obtain the nano copper cobalt alloy catalyst. Metal ions, particularly copper and cobalt ions in the catalyst precursor are uniformly mixed by controlling the precipitation condition. Due to strong interaction between metals and carbon fibers, after reduction, Cu-Co nanoalloy can be highly dispersed on the carbon fibers, so that particle sintering of the Cu-Co alloy caused by migration is effectively avoided. The prepared Cu-Co active component has a high active specific surface area. A carrier and an additive can be used for inhibiting sintering of the active component. The catalyst has the remarkable advantages that low-carbon alcohol selectivity and low-temperature activity are relatively high as well as the stability is relatively high; the CO conversion ratio at 260 DEG C can reach not less than 50%, the low-carbon alcohol selectivity can reach not less than 50%, and the active component hardly grows during sintering; the catalyst has an industrial application value.