The invention discloses a lane keeping control system and method, and belongs to the technical field of automobile active safety. The lane keeping control system comprises a detection module, a learning reinforcement module and an adjustment module, wherein the detection module is used for detecting the actual position of an automobile relative to a lane in real time and generating reinforcement signals corresponding to the actual position according to the actual position, and the reinforcement signals are used for representing the deviation amplitude between the actual position and the set ideal position; the learning reinforcement module is used for adopting the learning reinforcement mode for determining the adjustment amplitude of the driving direction of the automobile according to the actual position and the reinforcement signals; the adjustment module is used for adjusting the driving direction of the automobile according to the adjustment amplitude to change the actual position. According to the lane keeping control system and method, the phenomenon that an automobile drives in an S shape due to the fact that the automobile is switched between left turning and right turning continuously is avoided, and the stability, reliability and comfort of automobile following are improved.