The invention discloses an anti-derailment bogie based on side frame positioning and detection and a derailment detection method thereof. The anti-derailment bogie comprises a shaft box positioning device, a side frame assembly, a swing bolster assembly, a basic braking device, an axle assembly and a derailment detection device installed at the end of the side frame assembly. Besides, the invention provides the derailment detection method of the anti-derailment bogie. The derailment detection device is additionally arranged on the bogie to achieve the pre-warning function of a railway vehicle before derailment, the problem that derailment of the railway vehicle can not be predicted is solved, and a guarantee is provided for railway transport safety and reduction of freight car derailment accidents.