The invention relates to the technical field of rail vehicle testing, and discloses a train passenger secondary collision test system and method. The system of the invention comprises a driving vehicle provided with an overload energy absorbing structure at the front end. Rails are laid on the ground at preset intervals. The driving vehicle is connected with a pneumatic transmitting power module for providing driving. A speed control device is installed on both sides of the rails in a test area to provide braking. The driving vehicle and a test vehicle are longitudinally connected by a hydraulic controller, and at least one first acceleration sensor is disposed at least one joint in the longitudinal direction. The driving vehicle and the test vehicle are laterally connected by a control spring, and at least one second acceleration sensor is disposed at least one joint in the lateral direction. A collision dummy with an unconstrained sitting posture is placed on a seat in the test vehicle compartment, and a pressure sensor, a displacement sensor and a third acceleration sensor are arranged on the dummy.