A spatial non-cooperative target autonomous relative navigation in-orbit validation system based on image information is disclosed. A target release mechanism receives an instruction from an on-boarddata bus to release a space-borne target, and the space-borne target has spatial non-cooperative target characteristics and enters the measurement range of a binocular camera; the binocular camera carries out stereoimaging and transmits sidereal time, satellite orbit, satellite attitude angle, binocular camera installation azimuth and pitch angle information to a data memory module; a data processing module carries out autonomous relative navigation calculation in real time, and calculated corresponding sidereal time and calculation results are sent to a ground data receiving system through adata transmission system; and the ground data receiving system stores the received data and carries out relative navigation calculation to obtain relative orbit and observation residual error of the non-cooperative target, and the calculation results are compared with the calculation results downloaded by the data transmission system so as to validate the on-board autonomous relative navigation.