The invention discloses a navigation positioning system for an indoor mobile robot of a transformer substation. The system comprises a CPU, a power supply and clock module, a camera and a laser rangefinder; the CPU comprises an image acquisition unit, an image matching analysis unit, a distance measurement unit, a spatial position calculation unit and a motion control unit; and the CPU is provided with an internal video data buffer area. The invention further discloses a navigation positioning method for the indoor mobile robot of the transformer substation. The navigation positioning systemfor the indoor mobile robot of the transformer substation is used for carrying out navigation positioning of the indoor mobile robot of the transformer substation, can be used for rapidly and accurately obtaining a current position and a walking path in automatic patrol operation of the robot to assist the robot to reach a predetermined operation position in time, has the characteristics of simpleand convenient implementation, high positioning precision, stability and reliability, and is high in environmental adaptability.