The invention discloses a method and device for rapidly measuring cross movement platform two-dimensional location errors. The measurement method includes the steps that firstly, a cross movement platform is fixed to a base, a glass plate is fixed to the cross movement platform, and the angle of the glass plate is adjusted, so that the movement direction of grids on the glass plate is the same with that of the cross movement platform; a camera and a lens are also arranged on the base, a light source is arranged on the lens, the luminance of the light source is adjusted, and when the cross movement platform is located at a reference position, initial offsets between the grid intersection point closest to the camera center and the camera center in X and Y directions are recorded; the cross movement platform is moved, all positions needing to be measured are traversed, offsets between the grid intersection point corresponding to each position and the camera center in the X and Y directions are recorded; the initial offsets are subtracted from the obtained offsets of all the positions respectively, and then the two-dimensional location error of each position is obtained. The method anddevice for rapidly measuring the cross movement platform two-dimensional location errors are convenient, easy to operate and low in cost.