The invention discloses a patrol system and method for a closed cabinet of a transformer substation. The patrol system comprises a detection device, a controller, a movable patrol robot and a background management system; the detection device comprises a plurality of prearranged sensors, and is used for being arranged in a to-be-detected closed cabinet of the transformer substation to detect parameter or state data in the prearranged closed cabinet of the transformer substation; the controller is used for receiving a control command instruction and detecting the working state of the detectiondevice according to the received control command instruction; the movable patrol robot comprises a control system and a data storage module; the control system is sued for sending the command instruction to the controller; the data storage module is used for receiving and storing the parameter or state data detected by the detection device; and the background management system is used for receiving and processing the parameter or state data stored by the data storage module in the patrol robot. According to the patrol system and method, data of meters and the like in the closed cabinet can beread, and the patrol task of the closed cabinet can be completed.