An electronic device according to an embodiment includes a battery supplying power to the electronic device, at least one circuit board having one or more components disposed thereon, a first temperature sensor disposed in a first region of the circuit board that is adjacent to one of the one or more components, a second temperature sensor disposed in a second region away from the first region, and a processor configured to measure a first temperature corresponding to the first region using the first temperature sensor, measure a second temperature corresponding to the second region or the outside of the electronic device using the second temperature sensor, determine a third temperature for the battery based at least on the first and second temperatures, and control the use of a resource of the electronic device when the third temperature satisfies a specified condition. Other various embodiments are also possible.