A battery is provided, which includes an anode and a cathode. The anode includes a first current collector and anode active material. The anode active material is lithium metal or lithium alloy. The cathode includes a second current collector and cathode active material. The battery also includes an electrolyte film disposed between the cathode and the anode, and a porous film disposed between the electrolyte film and the anode. The battery includes an anolyte in the porous film between the electrolyte film and the anode, and a catholyte between the electrolyte film and the cathode. The catholyte is different from the anolyte, and the anolyte and the catholyte are separated by the electrolyte film and are not in contact with each other.