Disclosed examples to perform instruction-level graphics processing unit (GPU) profiling based on binary instrumentation include: accessing, via a GPU driver executed by a processor, binary code generated by a GPU compiler based on application programming interface (API)-based code provided by an application; accessing, via the GPU driver executed by the processor, instrumented binary code, the instrumented binary code generated by a binary instrumentation module that inserts profiling instructions in the binary code based on an instrumentation schema provided by a profiling application; and providing, via the GPU driver executed by the processor, the instrumented binary code from the GPU driver to a GPU, the instrumented binary code structured to cause the GPU to collect and store profiling data in a memory based on the profiling instructions while executing the instrumented binary code.