A system for modeling a semiconductor fabrication process includes at least one first processor and at least one second processor. The at least one first processor is configured to provide at least one machine learning (ML) model, which is trained by using a plurality of pairs of images of a design pattern sample and a physical pattern sample. The physical pattern sample is formed from the design pattern sample by using the semiconductor fabrication process. The at least one second processor is configured to provide an input image representing a shape of a design pattern and/or a physical pattern to the at least one first processor and to generate output data defining the physical pattern and/or the design pattern based on an output image received from the at least one first processor.