A device for measuring short-wavelength characteristic X-ray diffraction based on array detection, and a measurement and analysis method based on the device are provided. An array detector of the device only detects and receives a diffraction ray which is diffracted by a material of a to-be-measured part inside a sample and passes through a through hole of a receiving collimator, and rays passing through a positioning hole. The to-be-measured part inside the sample is placed at the center of the diffractometer circle of the device. The method is performed with the device. With the present disclosure, a diffraction pattern of a part inside the sample with a centimeter thickness, i.e. Debye rings, can be rapidly and non-destructively measured, thereby rapidly and non-destructively measuring and analyzing crystal structures, and its crystal structural change of the part inside the sample, such as phase, texture, and stress.