The present invention relates to the field of radiation detection, and provides a CdZnTe aerial inspection system and an inspection method. The inspection system comprises a CdZnTe spectrometer (10) and an aircraft (20). The aircraft (20) flies and carries the CdZnTe spectrometer (10) to realize a function of aerial inspection, thereby improving operating efficiency of nuclear radiation monitoring. The CdZnTe spectrometer (10) has high energy resolution, a small volume, a light weight, and desirable portability. By combining the CdZnTe spectrometer (10) and the aircraft (20), the present invention enables high measurement precision, a long operation duration, and an aerial access to a site of a nuclear accident to perform operations and inspect the site, thus reducing radiation exposure received by a person entering the site, and providing support for rescue operation.