An illustrative extended reality (XR) presentation device detects, during an XR experience presented to a user of the XR presentation device, a selection by the user of a virtual anchor object disposed at a particular location with respect to a 3D scene within which the XR experience is presented. The XR presentation device identifies, based on anchor data associated with the virtual anchor object, a predesignated data payload that is stored by a payload server system. The payload server system is separate from the XR presentation device and stores, together with the predesignated data payload, target metadata indicating a target device to which the predesignated data payload is to be provided. The XR presentation device directs the payload server system to provide the predesignated data payload to the target device. Corresponding methods and systems are also disclosed.