A particle sampling device includes: a chamber having a main inlet, a main outlet, a bypass inlet and a bypass outlet, a bypass pipeline between the bypass inlet and the bypass outlet being located outside of the chamber; a gas suction pump and a gas pressure regulating valve provided on the bypass pipeline; and a gas pressure sensor and a temperature and humidity sensor for detecting parameters of aerosol flow inside the chamber. An opening degree of the gas pressure regulating valve and a rotation speed of the gas suction pump are under a feedback control of a scattering signal frequency of individual particles recorded by the aerosol mass spectrometer. A linear relationship between ln(τ) and ln(Stkm)1/2 is derived and verified experimentally, where t represents a flight time of particles, and Stkm represents a modified Stokes number of the corresponding particles.