摘要:
A differential conductivity recirculation monitor (22) quantitatively determines the degree of recirculation in a fistula (26) by comparing the conductivity of blood entering the fistula to the conductivity of blood being withdrawn from the fistula. A discrete quantity of a high conductivity marker fluid is injected into the blood entering the fistula, altering the conductivity of the blood entering the fistula. The altered conductivity blood enters the fistula and, if recirculation is present, co-mingles with blood in the fistula, altering the conductivity of the blood in the fistula in proportion to the degree of recirculation. Blood withdrawn from the fistula has an altered conductivity related to the degree of recirculation. Quantitative values of the conductivity of the altered conductivity blood entering the fistula and the conductivity of the blood being withdrawn from the fistula are measured and a difference determined. The determined difference between the conductivities is used to determine a quantitative measurement of the degree of recirculation in the fistula.
摘要:
Provided is a finely-powdered coal burning boiler, which reduces an air-excess ratio thereby to reduce the emission of unburned contents such as CO. The finely-powdered coal burning boiler comprises finely-powdered coal feed measuring means (51) for measuring the feeding rates of the finely-powdered coal to be conveyed through coal feeding pipes (43), individually, and control means (66) for calculating the burning air feeding rates to match the finely-powdered coal feeding rates thereby to send a control command signal to burning air feed adjusting means (64), so that a burner air ratio set by burner air ratio setting means may be kept on the basis of both the finely-powered coal feeding rate, which is measured by the finely-powdered coal feed measuring means (51), and the burning air feeding rate, which is measured by the burning air feeding rate measuring means and fed to a finely-powdered coal burner (61) connected to the coal feeding pipes (43).
摘要:
A gas meter comprises a conduit for passage of a gas flow, in use; an ioniser arranged to ionise the gas flow in the conduit, in use; a modulating electrode structure downstream of the ioniser arranged for modulating the ion distribution in the ionised gas flow; and at least a first detecting electrode structure downstream of the modulating electrode structure arranged for detecting the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. The modulating electrode structure comprises an upstream electrode and a downstream electrode, and a respective modulating potential is applied, in use, to each electrode to modulate the ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. The modulating potential applied to the downstream electrode is of the opposite polarity to the modulating potential applied to the upstream electrode and of a magnitude selected such that, downstream of the modulating electrode structure, the electric field due to the upstream electrode is cancelled by the electric field due to the downstream electrode.
摘要:
A gas meter comprises a conduit (1) for passage of a gas flow A and an ioniser (2) arranged to ionise the gas flow in the conduit (1). A modulating electrode structure (4) downstream of the ioniser modulates the ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. A first detecting electrode structure (8) and a second electrode structure (9) downstream of the modulating electrode structure 4 detect the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. The modulating electrode structure (4) and the detecting electrode structures (8, 9) can be configured to generate an electrical field having at least a substantial component parallel to the direction of the gas flow. The modulating electrode structure (4) and the detecting electrode structures (8, 9) can comprise a pair of electrodes (5, 6, 10, 11), each having a plurality of apertures defined therein for passage of the gas flow. The modulating electrode structure (4) can be arranged to capture ions of one polarity, to generate an ionised gas flow comprising a majority of ions of the opposite polarity, in which case the detecting electrode structure can comprise at least one electrode (11) connected to a source of charge. Movement of the ionised gas flow relative to the electrode causes a redistribution of charge in the electrode, which generates a current indicative of the ion distribution between the electrode (11) and the charge source. The various arrangements provide a gas meter that can operate with a modulating voltage of less than (10) volts and is therefore suitable as a domestic gas meter.
摘要:
The present invention provides a method and related apparatus for determining the rate of flow of a liquid, the liquid comprising a first liquid delivered to a point (24) with at least a second liquid to form a solution of the first and at least second liquids, the method comprising the steps of determining the rate of flow of the at least second liquid, delivering the solution to a conductivity-measuring means (38) by which the conductivity of the solution is measured, determining the ratio between the first and the at least second liquids in the solution on the basis of the conductivity of the solution and determining the rate of flow of the first liquid on the basis of the rate of flow of the at least second liquid and said ratio and wherein the rate of flow can be employed in calibrating a flow controller controlling the rate of flow of the first liquid.
摘要:
A differential recirculation monitor (22) quantitatively determines the degree of recirculation in a fistula (26) by comparing the conductivity of blood entering the fistula to the conductivity of blood being withdrawn from the fistula. A discrete quantity of a high conductivity marker fluid is injected into the blood entering the fistula, altering the conductivity of the blood entering the fistula. The altered conductivity blood enters the fistula and, if recirculation is present, co-mingles with blood in the fistula, altering the conductivity of the blood in the fistula in proportion to the degree of recirculation. Blood withdrawn from the fistula has an altered conductivity related to the degree of recirculation. Quantitative values of the conductivity of the altered conductivity blood entering the fistula and the conductivity of the blood being withdrawn from the fistula are measured and a difference determined. The determined difference between the conductivities is used to determine a quantitative measurement of the degree of recirculation in the fistula.
摘要:
A sensor system comprises a permselective medium positionable to contact the fluid in the microchannel, an arrangement of electrodes arranged to generate an electric field across the permselective medium, an ion concentration sensing system having a sensing element configured to provide sensing signals indicative of a local ion concentration pattern, and a signal processor for analyzing a sensing signal received from the ion concentration sensing system to determine at least one flow parameter characterizing the flow.
摘要:
The present invention relates to a method for monitoring flow of a material being transported through a duct. The present invention uses an apparatus for determining water content and/or density of a material. Thus, a moisture distribution pattern, a density distribution pattern within the material under examination and quantitative flow monitoring of the material are obtained from material specific calibration characteristics for local conductivity values and for local permittivity values of the material on the one hand and from measured conductance values G and measured capacitance values C between selected pairs of probe electrodes on the other hand.