Abstract:
A semiconductor device may include plugs disposed in a zigzag pattern, interconnections electrically connected to the plugs and a protection pattern which is interposed between the plugs and the interconnections to selectively expose the plugs. The interconnections may include a connection portion which is in contact with plugs selectively exposed by the protection pattern. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes, after forming a molding pattern and a mask pattern, selectively etching a protection layer using the mask pattern to form a protection pattern exposing a plug.
Abstract:
A book sterilizer is provided, which includes a sterilizing chamber having an upper wall, a lower wall, and an inclined rear wall between the upper and lower walls, and at least one holding member for a book which is provided in the sterilizing chamber and has a free end adjacent to the inclined rear wall, so that a book is easily held by virtue of having been inserted between the inclined rear wall and the holding member with the leaves and book covers separately opened such that they unfold under their own weight and gravity, so that upon spraying air, the book covers and the leaves of the book smoothly unfold and thus sterilizing rays from a sterilization and disinfection lamp are uniformly radiated deep into the book covers and the leaves, thereby providing excellent sterilizing effects at an economical cost.
Abstract:
Size-controlled immobilization of metal nano-clusters onto particles or nanoparticles is achieved using a polyol process. Polyol processing makes it possible to use thiol groups as a chemical protocol to functionalize the surface of particles, such as silica and polystyrene nanoparticles. Metal nano-clusters, such as silver, gold, platinum and palladium, nucleate and grow on the surface of the particles. The metal nano-clusters may be synthesized in a one-pot process from metal salts, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, sulfites and the like. Any source of metal ions compatible with the polyol suspension and selected particles may be used. The size of immobilized metal nano-clusters may be controlled by additions of a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) or other polymer capable of regulating the metal ion reduction and nucleation process and by controlling concentration of metal ions, the nucleation and/or growth temperatures, and processing time.
Abstract:
The present disclosure discloses a catalyst for directly producing a lactide which is a cyclic ester used as a monomer for polylactides, and a method for directly producing a lactide using the catalyst, the method including the transesterification reaction between two molecules of an ester of lactic acid or a mixture containing the ester of lactic acid with a small amount of lactic acid and oligomer of lactic acid under an inert environment in the presence of a titanium-based catalyst or a catalyst mixture containing the titanium-based catalyst so as to produce lactide while simultaneously removing an alcohol (ROH) generated as a by-product. As compared to a conventional commercialized process, since the method for producing a lactide in accordance with the present disclosure is a novel process capable of directly producing the lactide from the ester of lactic acid, energy consumption is low and the lactide can be produced through a simple process showing a high yield while maintaining optical property (D-form or L-form optical isomer).
Abstract:
A method and apparatus for inputting letters by combining basic elements obtained by separating and symbolizing strokes of letters, so as to provide excellent letter intuitiveness and recognition. According to the present invention, a letter may be input by pressing one of or sequentially pressing two of keys to which basic elements u, I, n, ⊂, l, ⊃, , †, , _, and o obtained by separating and symbolizing strokes of letters are assigned, and letters may be rapidly and conveniently input by minimizing key pressing paths.
Abstract:
A method of making bread is provided. The method includes a warm dough making process in which a warm dough is formed by heating a mixture of milk and salt, adding wheat flour to the heated mixture, aerating the resulting mixture, and ripening the resulting mixture at low temperature, a dough mixing process in which a dough is formed by mixing the resulting dough of the warm dough making process with wheat flour, dried yeast, refined sugar, refined salt, whole milk powder, bread improver, processed butter, milk, egg, and water, and stirring the mixture, a deep-freezing process in which the resulting dough is divided into equal-sized pieces and the divided dough pieces are deep-frozen, a thawing process in which the deep-frozen dough is thawed, a fermentation process in which the thawed dough is placed in a bread pan to be fermented, and a baking process in which the fermented dough is heated.
Abstract:
An apparatus and method of controlling injection in an electric injection molding machine including a motor and a screw. The apparatus has an encoder detecting a current position of the screw and outputting the detected position as an encoding signal, a memory storing reference positions of the screw according to a drive of the motor by the passage of time, and a current controller checking an elapse of time that the screw moves from a previous position to a current position through receiving the encoding signal from the encoder, reading out a section of time corresponding to the checked elapse of time from the memory, and controlling a current value applied to the motor based on a difference between a reference position of the screw corresponding to the read-out section of time and a current position of the screw.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a human interferon-beta mutein. In particular, the present invention relates to the human interferon-beta mutein having one or two additional sugar chains compared to natural human interferon-beta.
Abstract:
The present invention provides a desktop sterilizer for books. The sterilizer includes an openable main body which has a sterilization chamber therein and is closable by a door so as to be openable through an opening, and a book holder which is provided in the sterilization chamber to maintain the covers of a book in a state of being unfolded. The sterilizer further includes a sterilizing UV lamp which sterilizes the book, and an air discharger which is connected to a blower and blows air towards the proximal edges of pages bound to a book spine of the book held by the book holder, thus opening the pages of the book. The sterilizer further includes a static electricity generating unit which charges the book with static electricity, such that the pages of the book are laid open by a static electric repulsive force, an aroma generating unit which generates an aroma and supplies it into the sterilization chamber using the air discharger, and a control computer which controls the sterilizing UV lamp and the blower.