摘要:
Anti-counterfeit marking for a product, comprising: a tamper evident marker attached to or integrated with a product or packaging for a product and having a random mark; and an electronic memory element containing data about the random mark, the memory element being attached to or integrated with the product or packaging for the product in a tamper evident manner.
摘要:
Methods, systems and machine readable medium storing a machine readable program for managing data stored on a contactless flash memory device are disclosed. A compiled version of a hierarchical data model defined using a high level data structure definition language is provided at a host unit. The host unit is operable to run on a host platform. The compiled version of the hierarchical data model is compiled for the host platform. A first representation of a first hierarchical data structure is received from a contactless flash memory device at the host unit via a contactless communication channel. The first hierarchical data structure is a first instantiation of the hierarchical data model. A second representation of the first hierarchical data structure is generated in accordance with the compiled hierarchical data model at the host unit.
摘要:
A method of updating a data entry stored on a data storage unit, the data entry including data elements that are unique to the data storage unit and the data entry, the method comprising the steps of generating at the data storage unit an update request including the data entry for transmission to an authority authorised to update the data entry, extracting at the authority the unique data elements from the update request and verifying the authenticity of the data storage unit and data entry from the unique data elements, generating an updated data entry including a further data element unique to the updated data entry and derived from the updated data and transmitting the updated data entry to the data storage unit, and storing the updated data entry on the data storage unit.
摘要:
A heat exchange apparatus, typically for use in association with a double rectification column for the separation of air, has a downflow reboiler with boiling passages. In addition, there is a condenser in a position at a higher elevation than the reboiler. The condenser is fed with liquefied gas to be reboiled from the sump of a lower pressure column forming part of the double rectification column. A first conduit feeds the liquefied gas under gravity to the reboiler. The feeding of the condenser is effected by a vapor lift pump comprising a second conduit and an expansion valve disposed therein. Some of the liquefied gas is vaporized by passage through the expansion valve, and this vapor provides the vapor lifting pumping effect. The vapor is recondensed in the condenser.
摘要:
A stream of compressed air is purified in a unit by removal of carbon dioxide and water vapour. The air is cooled by passage through a heat exchanger to a temperature suitable for its rectification. The air is separated in a higher pressure rectifier into oxygen-enriched liquid and nitrogen vapour. A stream of the oxygen-enriched liquid is reduced in pressure and introduced into a phase separator provided with a reboiler with the result that further separation takes place and a liquid further enriched in oxygen and an intermediate vapour are formed. A stream of the further-enriched liquid is separated into oxygen and nitrogen in a lower pressure rectifier. A stream of the intermediate vapour is condensed in a condenser and is introduced into the lower pressure rectifier. A part of the liquid nitrogen reflux for the higher and lower pressure rectifiers is formed by condensing nitrogen vapour separated in the higher pressure rectifier by indirect heat exchange with liquid from an intermediate mass transfer region the rectifier. Another part of the liquid nitrogen reflux is formed by vaporising impure oxygen product of the lower pressure rectifier in a condenser-reboiler by indirect heat exchange with nitrogen vapour taken from the lower pressure rectifier.
摘要:
A first stream of cooled and purified air is introduced into a higher pressure rectification column 12 through an inlet 14 and is separated into oxygen-enriched liquid and nitrogen vapour. A stream of the oxygen-enriched liquid is flashed through a pressure reducing valve 40 into an intermediate rectification column 22 in which it is separated into further-enriched liquid and an intermediate nitrogen vapour. A stream of the further-enriched liquid is reboiled in condenser-reboiler 46 and is introduced into a lower pressure rectifier 34 comprising an upper stage 58 and a lower stage 60. The lower pressure rectifier 34 has a bottom condenser-reboiler 16 which is heated by a second stream of cooled and purified air. The second stream is itself condensed in the reboiler 16 and is introduced into the higher pressure column 12. The lower pressure rectifier also has an intermediate condenser-reboiler 22 which is employed to form liquid nitrogen reflux for the rectification by condensing nitrogen vapour separated in the higher pressure rectification column. In alternative examples of the process, the liquid that is flashed through the valve 40 is subjected to phase separation rather than rectification.
摘要:
In a process integration, particularly with a blast furnace, nitrogen under pressure is moisturized by the addition to it of hot, pressurized water. The moisturized nitrogen is expanded and power thereby generated. The nitrogen is not mixed with combustion gases. Improved heat balance and work recovery are achieved.
摘要:
A method of separating air in which a compressed air stream is divided into first and second subsidiary streams. The first subsidiary air stream is cooled by heat exchange to a temperature suitable for its separation by rectification and introduced into the higher pressure stage of a double rectification column. The second subsidiary air stream is further compressed and then at least part of it is cooled by heat exchange to a first intermediate temperature below ambient temperature but above those temperatures at which the double rectification column operates. The thus cooled second subsidiary air stream is expanded in a first expansion turbine and is withdrawn therefrom at a second intermediate temperature below the first intermediate temperature but above those temperatures at which the double rectification column operates. After withdrawal, the second subsidiary air stream is introduced into a second expansion turbine where it is further expanded. After the further expansion, the second subsidiary air stream is introduced into the lower pressure rectification stage of the double rectification column. Air is separated in the double rectification column into oxygen and nitrogen. Oxygen and nitrogen streams are withdrawn from the said lower pressure stage and a part of at least one of the oxygen and nitrogen is produced as a liquid product.
摘要:
Air is taken from the air compressor of a gas turbine including in addition to the compressor a combustion chamber and an expansion turbine. The gas turbine drives an alternator. The air taken from the compressor is cooled in heat exchanger to remove heat of compression therefrom. The air is separated in an air separation plant into oxygen and nitrogen. A stream of oxygen is withdrawn from the plant and used in a blast furnace in which iron is made. The off-gas from the blast furnace is a low grade gaseous fuel. It is compressed in compressor which has interstage cooling to remove at least some of the heat of compression. The compressed fuel gas is passed through the heat exchanger countercurrently to the air stream. The resulting pre-heated fuel gas flows into the combustion chamber of the gas turbine and is burned therein to generate gaseous combustion products that are expanded in the turbine. A nitrogen stream is withdrawn in the air separation plant. A part of the nitrogen stream is introduced into the combustion chamber and is expanded with the aforesaid gaseous combustion products, while another part is expanded in a separate expansion turbine.
摘要:
The present invention provises a method and apparatus for separating a gas mixture. In accordance therewith, the gas mixture is rectified in a dephlegmator. The dephlegmator has first and second sets of heat exchange passages which are in a heat exchange relationship with the gas mixture being rectified. A stream of a first heat exchange fluid is passed through a first of the set of heat exchange passages so as to condense some of the gas mixture. A stream of a second heat exchange fluid is sub-cooled by passage through a second set of the heat exchange passages.