摘要:
Apparatus for measuring the value of the directional spectral hemispherical reflectance of the surface of a target when not engaging but being spaced from the target employs a hollow elongated member having a longitudinal axis and first and second opposite ends. The area of the first end is relatively large relative to that of the second end. The first end is open. The member has an inner chamber extending between the ends and has an inner surface adapted to reflect light falling within a specified wave band. The member when the apparatus is in use is positioned with the first end adjacent but spaced from a selected portion of the surface of the target. The longitudinal axis is oriented essentially normal to a region on the selected surface which would be engaged by a line coincident with the axis and sufficiently extended outwardly from the first end. A beam of light falling within said band is directed within at least a portion of the chamber along the axis and outward through the first end to impinge upon the selected surface portion. A portion of the beam is reflected after said impingement backward through the first end into the chamber. The reflected light which strikes the inner surface of the chamber is directed backwardly within the chamber toward the second end. An electrical signal derived from at least a portion of the backwardly directed light provides a measurement of said reflectance value.
摘要:
A pyrometer adapted to be disposed remotely from a heated diffusely reflecting target obtains a first electrical signal from that portion of target radiance which reaches the instrument. A laser beam is generated within the instrument and is directed upon the target, a portion of the beam being reflected back to the instrument. A second signal is obtain from this portion. The separation between target and instrument is measured and a third signal depending on the separation is produced. A fourth signal dependent upon the power level of the beam is produced. The instrument then computes from these signals the surface temperature of the target.
摘要:
The present invention teaches a unique laser radiometer capable of accurately measuring the radiation temperature of a radiant surface and independently measuring the surface's emissivity. A narrow-band radiometer is combined with a laser reflectometer to measure concurrently radiance and emissivity of a remote, hot surface. Together, radiance and emissivity yield the true surface temperature of the remote target. A narrow receiver bandwidth is attained by one of two methods; (a) heterodyne detection or (b) optical filtering. A direct measurement of emissivity is used to adjust the value obtained for the thermal radiation signal to substantially enhance the accuracy of the temperature measurement for a given subject surface. The technique provides substantially high detection sensitivity over a very narrow spectral bandwidth.
摘要:
A method for setting up safe operation of a multi-axis kinematic system, a method for safely operating a multi-axis kinematic system, and to an input device for setting up safe operation of a multi-axis kinematic system and a corresponding computer program product. A method includes providing error values of respective axes and ascertaining a compensation value for at least one variable of the safety function on the basis of the error values, on the basis of geometric parameters of the multi-axis kinematic system and on the basis of axis values of the respective axes that are obtained from trajectories of the multi-axis kinematic system.
摘要:
A flow rate regulator (1) having a regulator housing (2), wherein said regulator housing (2) has an outer circumferential edge region (5) that can be placed on an end circumferential edge region (3) of a jet regulator (6) and/or of a sieve (11) and including a central annular gap (12), in which an annular throttle body (13) made of elastic material is present, bounding a control gap (15) between same and an inner and/or outer circumferential wall (14) of the annular gap (12) having a control profile, wherein the open flow-through cross-section of said control gap is changeable under the pressure of the flowing water. The flow rate regulator (1) according to the invention is characterized in that said regulator has a shell-shaped regulator housing (2), the outer circumferential edge region (5) of which is designed as a radially outwardly protruding ring flange, and in that the inner shell chamber (18) of the regulator housing (2) open to the outlet side is dimensioned for receiving a sub-region of the sieve (11) protruding past the end circumferential edge region (3) of the jet regulator (6).
摘要:
A sanitary insertion unit which has a sealing ring (1) with a sleeve-shaped extension (2), the free end region of which extension (2) has a head (3) which protrudes circumferentially and, when the extension (2) is inserted into an associated line section, can be deformed at least in regions in such a manner that the head (3) of the extension (2) is placed onto the inner circumferential wall of the line section (5). The invention also relates to a sanitary insertion unit which has a flow regulator or is designed as a flow regulator, the outer circumference of the housing of which flow regulator bears a clamping edge region for, in particular, sealing and clamping the flow regulator between two interconnected line sections, wherein the flow regulator bears a sleeve-shaped extension, the circumferentially protruding head of which, produced from elastic material, can be deformed, when the extension is inserted into a line section, in such a manner that the head is placed onto the inner circumferential wall of the line section. Finally, the present invention is also concerned with a shower fitting having a line section which is configured in the form of a shower connection and in the line interior of which one of the above-described insertion units can be inserted.
摘要:
A turbine of a turbomachine is provided and includes opposing endwalls defining a pathway into which a fluid flow is receivable to flow through the pathway; and a nozzle stage at which adjacent nozzles extend across the pathway between the opposing endwalls to aerodynamically interact with the fluid flow. The adjacent nozzles are configured to define a throat distribution exhibiting endwall throat decambering and pitchline throat overcambering.